نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه اقتصاد، موسسه عالی آموزش و پژوهش مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی، تهران، ایران
2 کارشناس‌ارشد مهندسی سیستم‌های اقتصادی اجتماعی، موسسه عالی آموزش و پژوهش مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
انتخاب و گزینش ابزارهای اقتصادی و سیاست‌گذاری به منظور حفاظت از محیط‌زیست در شرایط رقابت روزافزون تجاری میان کشورها، همواره دغدغه‌ای منطقه‌ای و بین‌المللی در دهه‌های اخیر بوده است. در این مطالعه، ضمن معرفی، مرور و بررسی سیاست‌های زیست‌محیطی مربوطه در ادبیات اقتصادی موجود در چارچوب یک مدل بازی ایستای غیرهمکارانه بر دو سیاست مبتنی بر بازار و مقررات فرمان و کنترل متمرکز شده و بررسی می‌کنیم که کدام‌یک از دو سیاست مالیات بر انتشار آلودگی و وضع استاندارد انتشار آلودگی از دیدگاه خصوصی، اجتماعی و زیست‌محیطی در حضور وجود عدم تقارن آلایندگی بنگاه‌ها و آسیب‌پذیری کشورها از آلودگی، عملکرد بهتری دارد. نتایج نشان می‌دهند که هر دو سیاست وضع مالیات رقابتی زیست‌محیطی و وضع مقررات استاندارد انتشار آلودگی -در شرایط نامتقارنی‌های بیان شده- می‌تواند منجر به کاهش انتشار آلودگی و افزایش رفاه اجتماعی شود. مقایسه این دو سیاست بیان می‌کند که سیاست وضع مالیات که سیاستی مداخله‌گرانه در بازار محسوب می‌شود، نسبت به مقررات استاندارد انتشار اثرات مثبت رفاهی و زیست محیط کمتری دارد. حتی بنگاه‌ها نیز در اغلب مواقع ترجیح می‌دهند تحت سیاست استاندارد آلودگی فعالیت کنند تا سیاست وضع مالیات، مگر زمانی که ضریب انتشار آلودگی‌شان به اندازه کافی از بنگاه رقیب کمتر باشد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
Al-Mulali, U.; Tang, C. F. and Ozturk, I. (2015). Does Financial Development Reduce Environmental Degradation? Evidence from a panel study of 129 Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 22(19). 14891-14900.
Amir, R.; Gama, A. and Werner, K. (2018). On Environmental Regulation of Oligopoly Markets: Emission Versus Performance Standards. Environmental and Resource Economics. 70(1). 147-167.
Asako, K. (1979). Environmental Pollution in an Open Economy. Economic Record. 55(4). 359-367.
Bhagwati, J. (1996). Trade and the Environment: Exploring the Critical Linkages. Maury E. Bredahl, Nicole Ballenger, John C. Dunmore, and Terry R. Roe (eds. ). Agriculture, Trade, and the Environment: Discovering and Measuring the Critical Linkages. 13-22.
Barrett, S. (1994). Strategic Environmental Policy and InternationalTrade. Journal of Public Economics. 54(3). 325-338.
Batabyal, A. A. (2000). On the Design of International Environmental Agreements for Identical and Heterogeneous Developing Countries. Oxford Economic Papers. 52(3). 560-583.
Bator, F. M. (1958). The Anatomy of Market Failure. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 72(3). 351-379.
Baumol, W. J. and Oates, W. E. (1975). The Theory of Environmental Policy: Externalities. Public Outlays and the Quality of Life. 10-13.
Beghin, J. and Potier, M. (1997). Effects of Trade liberalisation on the Environment in the Manufacturing Sector. World Economy. 20(4). 435-456.
Benchekroun, H. and Claude, D. (2007). Tax DiffeRentials and the Segmentation of Networks of Cooperation in Oligopoly. The BE Journal of Theoretical Economics. 7(1). 1-11.
Benchekroun, H. and LONG, N. V. (2012). Collaborative Environmental Management: A Review of the Literature. International Game Theory Review. 14(04). 1240002.
Benchekroun, H. and Martin-Herran, G. (2016). The Impact of Foresight in a Transboundary Pollution Game. European Journal of Operational Research. 251(1). 300-309.
Benchekroun, H. and Yildiz, H. M. (2011). Free Trade, Autarky and the Sustainability of an International Environmental Agreement. The BE Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy. 11(1). 1-28.
Buchanan, J. M. and Stubblebine, W. C. (1962). Externality. In Classic papers in natural resource Economics Palgrave. Macmillan. London. 138-154.
Carraro, C. (Ed.). (1999). International Environmental Agreements on Climate Change . Springer Science & Business Media. Vol. 13.
Carraro, C. and Siniscalco, D. (1993). Strategies for the International Protection of the Environment. Journal of Public Economics. 52(3). 309-328.
Conrad, K. and Schröder, M. (1993). Choosing Environmental Policy Instruments Using General Equilibrium Models. Journal of Policy Modeling. 15(5-6). 521-543.
Copeland, B. R. (2000). Trade and Environment: Policy Linkages. Environment and Development Economics. 5(4). 405-432.
Copeland, B. R. and Taylor, M. S. (2004). Trade, Growth, and the Environment. Journal of Economic Literature. 42(1). 7-71.
Daly, H. and Goodland, R. (1994). An Ecological-Economic Assessment of Deregulation of International Commerce Under GATT Part I. Population and Environment. 15(5). 395-427.
Diamantoudi, E. and Sartzetakis, E. S. (2006). Stable International Environmental Agreements: An Analytical Approach. Journal of Public Economic Theory. 8(2). 247-263.
Diamantoudi, E. and Sartzetakis, E. S. (2018). International Environmental Agreements- the Role of Foresight. Environmental and Resource Economics. 71(1). 241-257.
Dockner, E. J. and Van Long, N. (1993). International Pollution Control: Cooperative Versus Noncooperative Strategies. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 25(1). 13-29.
Ebert, U. and Von Dem Hagen, O. (1998). Pigouvian Taxes Under Imperfect Competition if Consumption Depends on Emissions. Environmental and Resource Economics. 12(4). 507-513.
Ederington, J. (2010). Should Trade Agreements include Environmental Policy?. 84-102.
Fujiwara, K. (2012). Market Integration, Environmental Policy, and Transboundary Pollution from Consumption. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development. 21(4). 603-614.
Fullerton, D. and Metcalf, G. E. (2001). Environmental Controls, Scarcity Rents, and Pre-existing Distortions. Journal of Public Economics. 80(2). 249-267.
Grossman, G. M. and Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research. No. w3914.
Hanley, N.; Shogren, J. F. and White, B. (2016). Environmental Economics: in Theory and Practice. Macmillan International Higher Education.
Hatzipanayotou, P.; Lahiri, S. and Michael, M. S. (2002). Can Cross–border Pollution Reduce Pollution? Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue Canadienne D'économique. 35(4). 805-818.
Hatzipanayotou, P.; Lahiri, S. and Michael, M. S. (2005). Reforms of Environmental Policies in the Presence of Cross‐border Pollution and Public–Private Clean‐up. Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 107(2). 315-333.
Helfand, G. E. (1991). Standards Versus Standards: The Effects of DiffeRent Pollution Restrictions. The American Economic Review. 81(3). 622-634.
Hoel, M. (1991). Global Environmental Problems: the Effects of Unilateral Actions Taken by one Country. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 20(1). 55-70.
Jaffe, A. B.; Peterson, S. R.; Portney, P. R. and Stavins, R. N. (1995). Environmental Regulation and the Competitiveness of US Manufacturing: What does the Evidence Tell Us?. Journal of Economic Literature. 33(1). 132-163.
Kim, Y.; Tanaka, K. and Ge, C. (2018). Estimating the Provincial Environmental Kuznets Curve in China: A Geographically Weighted Regression Approach. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment. 32(7). 2147-2163.
Kneese, A. V. and Schulze, W. D. (1985). Ethics and Environmental Economics. In Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics. Vol. 1. 191-220.
Kolstad, C. D. (2007). Systematic Uncertainty in Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 53(1). 68-79.
Lahiri, S. and Ono, Y. (2007). Relative Emission standard Versus Tax Under Oligopoly: The Role of Free Entry. Journal of Economics. 91(2). 107-128.
Lee, S. and Oh, D. W. (2015). Economic growth and the Environment in China: Empirical Evidence Using Prefecture Level Data. China Economic Review. 36. 73-85.
List, J. A. and Mason, C. F. (2001). Optimal Institutional Arrangements for Transboundary Pollutants in a Second-best World: Evidence from a DiffeRential Game with Asymmetric Players. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 42(3). 277-296.
Ludema, R. D. and Wooton, I. (1994). Cross-border Externalities and Trade Liberalization: The Strategic Control of Pollution. Canadian Journal of Economics. 27(4). 950-966.
Magee, S. P. and Ford, W. F. (1972). Environmental Pollution, the Terms of Trade and Balance of Payments of the United States. Kyklos. 25(1). 101-118.
Markusen, J. R. (1975). Cooperative Control of International Pollution and Common Property Resources. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 89 (4). 618-632.
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of Economics. by Alfred Marshall. Macmillan and Company.
McGinty, M. (2007). International Environmental Agreements Among Asymmetric Nations. Oxford Economic Papers. 59(1). 45-62.
Pearce, D. (2002). An Intellectual History of Environmental Economics. Annual Review of Energy and the Environment. 27(1). 57-81.
Petrakis, E. and Xepapadeas, A. (2003). Location Decisions of a Polluting Firm and the Time Consistency of Environmental Policy. Resource and Energy Economics. 25(2). 197-214.
Pigou, A. C. (1920). The Economics of Welfare. Macmillan. New York.
Rubio, S. J. and Casino, B. (2002). A Note on Cooperative Versus Non-cooperative Strategies in International Pollution Control. Resource and Energy Economics. 24(3). 251-261.
Rose, A. (1983). Modeling the Macro Economic Impact of Air Pollution Abatement. Journal of Regional Science. 23(4). 441-459.
Rubio, S. J. and Ulph, A. (2006). Self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements Revisited. Oxford Economic Papers. 58(2). 233-263.
Schmalensee, R. (1993). The costs of Environmental protection. MIT-CEEPR 93-015WP.
Siebert, H.; Walter, I. and Zimmermann, K. (Eds.). (1980). Regional Environmental Policy: The Economic Issues. Macmillan.
Spulber, D. F. (1985). Effluent Regulation and Long-run Optimality. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management. 12(2). 103-116.
Taghvaee, V. M. and Hajiani, P. (2015). Environment, Energy, and Environmental Productivity of Energy: A Decomposition Analysis in China and the US. In Second European Academic Research Conference on Global Business, Economics. Finance and Banking. 3-5.
Taghvaee, v. M. and shirazi, j. K. (2014). Analysis of the Relationship Between Economic Growth and Environmental Pollution in Iran (Evidence from Three Sections of Land, Water and Atmosphere). Indian J. Sci. Res. 7(1). 031-042.
Walley, N. and Whitehead, B. (1994). It’s Not Easy Being Green. Reader in Business and the Environment. 36(81). 4.
Weitzman, M. L. (1974). Prices vs. quantities. The Review of Economic Studies. 41(4). 477-491.
)