The Economy of Iran
Ali Asghar Heidari; Sobhan Pirahan siah; محمدعلی آغنده
Abstract
The rapid development of international tourism, today, is due to social, cultural, economic, political, and technological changes. It has shifted the tourism flow from developed countries to newly industrialized ones. International tourism demand is estimated by factors such as the number of incoming ...
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The rapid development of international tourism, today, is due to social, cultural, economic, political, and technological changes. It has shifted the tourism flow from developed countries to newly industrialized ones. International tourism demand is estimated by factors such as the number of incoming tourists, currency exchange rates, tourism prices, travel costs, and length of stay. Tourism is a competitive industry in which forecasting the number of incoming tourists to a destination plays an important role in planning, launching, and managing tourist attractions. The present study investigates the effective factors of international tourism demand in Iran using the attraction model. In this regard, the size and importance of the affecting factors of Iran's tourism demand have been evaluated. This research is causal-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose, and the data collection was through desk research. The main variables include tourist arrivals (as a dependent variable), per capita income of the visiting country, geographical distance between countries, relative exchange rates, relative prices, per capita household debt, and money supply between countries. The study data are for 1990-2021. The results show that the per capita income variable of the visiting country has a positive and significant coefficient compared to the number of tourist arrivals. Also, the relative exchange rate, understanding and recognition of the other party's point of view help to increase tourism demand, and geographical distance has an inverse relationship with the number of Iran’s incoming tourists.
The Economy of Iran
behzad sadeghvand; Hassan Heidari; Mehdi Nejati
Abstract
Iran is simultaneously facing the issue of sanctions and their adverse effects on various economic sectors, as well as numerous environmental challenges. The main objective of this research is to examine the extent to which sanctions exacerbate environmental problems in Iran. For this purpose, the effects ...
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Iran is simultaneously facing the issue of sanctions and their adverse effects on various economic sectors, as well as numerous environmental challenges. The main objective of this research is to examine the extent to which sanctions exacerbate environmental problems in Iran. For this purpose, the effects of sanctions on the increase in carbon dioxide emissions in Iran have been investigated under three scenarios of 60%, 65%, and 70% reductions in oil exports. The GTAP-E-Power model, a computable general equilibrium model, has been dynamically used for this analysis. The results indicate that the total carbon dioxide emissions in Iran increase with the imposition of oil sanctions, and the emissions rise further as the sanctions intensify. When examining carbon dioxide emissions by economic sector, it was found that the electricity production and distribution sector, low-tech manufacturing industries, base-load fossil fuel power generation, and petroleum production were the sectors that not only experienced the highest increase in carbon dioxide emissions but also saw an intensification of emissions as sanctions tightened. In contrast, renewable energy-based power generation and high-tech manufacturing industries either experienced a reduction in carbon dioxide production or a slight increase compared to other sectors under the three scenarios. Based on the results, policy recommendations include lifting sanctions as a macro political and economic priority, investing in petroleum production with access to modern technologies, focusing on the development of renewable resources for electricity generation, strengthening high-tech industries with access to advanced technologies, and concentrating on sectors resilient to sanctions.
The Economy of Iran
mostafa kazeminajafabadi; Ahmad Ali Rezai
Abstract
While individualism is often perceived as a negative factor that undermines social ethics and reduces participation in charitable activities, this study proposes the hypothesis that individualism—as a set of cultural values and norms that place the individual at the center of decision-making and ...
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While individualism is often perceived as a negative factor that undermines social ethics and reduces participation in charitable activities, this study proposes the hypothesis that individualism—as a set of cultural values and norms that place the individual at the center of decision-making and social responsibility—can play a positive role in enhancing the level of generosity in society. Accordingly, two mechanisms are examined: a direct mechanism, where individualism fosters personal motivations for helping others, and an indirect mechanism, in which individualism promotes economic freedom, thereby facilitating the growth of charitable activities. To empirically test this hypothesis, the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was applied using quarterly data from Iran over the period 2010 to 2021. The results indicate that individualism has a positive and significant effect on the level of generosity; specifically, a one-percent increase in individualism leads to a 0/43 percent rise in generosity. Furthermore, economic freedom also shows a positive and significant effect, with a coefficient of 1/16 percent. The findings support both proposed mechanisms and suggest that individualism, when properly institutionalized within Iran’s cultural context, can strengthen ethical behaviors such as generosity. Additionally, the variables of economic growth, income inequality, education level, and government size were found to have positive effects, while corruption showed a negative effect on the level of generosity in Iranian society.
The Economics of Technology, Energy and Sustainable Development
PARISA GHOLIPOUR FEIZI; GHODRATOLLAH EMAMVERDI; Marjan Damankeshideh; ALI ASGHAR ESMAILNIA KETABI
Abstract
Since the income tax of a production company may reduce its profit and optimal production, this study investigates the effects of such taxes on the discounted profit, optimal production rate, and finally, the changes in the optimal path of oil production of the company to generalize the mentioned subject ...
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Since the income tax of a production company may reduce its profit and optimal production, this study investigates the effects of such taxes on the discounted profit, optimal production rate, and finally, the changes in the optimal path of oil production of the company to generalize the mentioned subject to the oil investor company by extracting the optimal path of oil production for the Dalpari Oil Field for the years (2018-2037) and the imposition of tax on the income of the oil investor company. The extant study is presented in the form of several scenarios and the framework of a dynamic optimization model (Bellman model) to analyze and compare the obtained results with the proposed production plan of the considered field. The results of the analyzed scenarios show that the adaption of such tax policies can affect the optimal production path according to the stated hypothesis. However, the mentioned changes in different scenarios can have negative aggravating or reverse effects on the producer`s interests.
Other innovative economic areas
Azin Kiani Rad; Ali Asghar Banouei; Parisa Mohajeri; Somayeh Shahhosseini
Abstract
Given the increasing importance of economic globalization and the emergence of new theories of international trade, the role of intermediate goods in production processes and global value chains (GVCs) among various countries, both resource-rich and resource-poor, is of high significance in national ...
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Given the increasing importance of economic globalization and the emergence of new theories of international trade, the role of intermediate goods in production processes and global value chains (GVCs) among various countries, both resource-rich and resource-poor, is of high significance in national economic accounts. This research aims to highlight this role in assessing countries’ shares in international trade. The primary objectives of this paper are, firstly, to analyze the relationship between Domestic Value Added (DVA) in gross exports and Vertical Specialization (VS) among 45 countries and, secondly, to compare traditional and modern methods of measuring countries’ shares in international trade. The data used include input-output tables for 43 countries for the year 2014, and data for Iran and Singapore for the years 2016 and 2015. The findings indicate that a negative relationship exists between the DVA/TGE ratio and the VS/TGE ratio, consistent with previous studies. Furthermore, the modern method, by separately considering domestic and foreign content in gross exports, provides a more accurate picture of countries’ trade situations due to its consideration of intermediate goods and the value added in production. In resource-rich countries, the DVA share is higher and the VS share is lower than the average, but this pattern is not observed in resource-poor countries. Iran, with a DVA share of 0.94 and a VS share of 0.06, respectively, ranks at the top and bottom of the 45 countries studied, indicating a weak connection to the global value chain and reliance on upstream activities.
The Economics of Technology, Energy and Sustainable Development
fateme Sorkhedehi
Abstract
Achieving sustainable economic growth and reducing dependence on fossil resources is one of the strategic goals of Iran's economy in the current situation. Economic complexity is an indicator of the level of technology and knowledge in production, and renewable energy is a tool for reducing environmental ...
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Achieving sustainable economic growth and reducing dependence on fossil resources is one of the strategic goals of Iran's economy in the current situation. Economic complexity is an indicator of the level of technology and knowledge in production, and renewable energy is a tool for reducing environmental impacts and diversifying the energy portfolio, both of which play a vital role in sustainable economic growth. This research analyzes the asymmetric and non-linear effects of these two key variables on Iran's economic growth during the period of 1374 to 1401 using the autoregressive model with asymmetric distribution breaks (NARDL). This model provides the possibility of separately examining the positive and negative effects of variables in the short and long term. The findings show that the positive shocks of renewable energy consumption and economic complexity have positive and significant effects on economic growth, and on the other hand, the negative shocks of these variables have a negative and limited effect. An increase in renewable energy consumption and economic complexity increases economic growth in the long term, and a decrease in renewable energy consumption and economic complexity reduces economic growth. Also, investment and workforce have a positive effect and carbon dioxide emissions have a negative effect on economic growth. The findings emphasize the importance of developing renewable energy and improving economic complexity in Iran. These two strategies, in addition to strengthening economic growth, can reduce environmental damage and reduce the country's dependence on fossil resources
