parisa moghadasi; Sajjad Faraji Dizaji; Abbas Assari Arani
Abstract
Income inequality is one of the important and key issues in the economy, which, considering its function and consequences, can affect people's health in various ways and endanger the stability and stability of the socio-economic system. Today, most countries suffer from inequality in the distribution ...
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Income inequality is one of the important and key issues in the economy, which, considering its function and consequences, can affect people's health in various ways and endanger the stability and stability of the socio-economic system. Today, most countries suffer from inequality in the distribution of wealth and income due to various reasons. For this reason, this study examines the effect of the good governance index in reducing the effect of Covid-19 on income inequality using available data for countries that export more than 50,000 barrels of oil per day during the years 2000 to 2021 using a panel econometric model. The data has been paid. The results of the research show that the death rate from covid-19 has had a positive and significant effect on increasing income inequality in oil-rich countries. On the other hand, the variable of good governance *Covid-19 with a negative and significant effect on the variable of the Gini coefficient has reduced income inequality.
asharaf-sadat pasandideh; maryam keyghobadi; iraj pourkeivani
Abstract
Climate change and drought have intensified in recent decades in the country. These changes have caused the expansion of dust centers in some parts of the country, including in Khuzestan province. One of the adverse effects of dust storms is affecting the power grid and even causing blackouts in some ...
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Climate change and drought have intensified in recent decades in the country. These changes have caused the expansion of dust centers in some parts of the country, including in Khuzestan province. One of the adverse effects of dust storms is affecting the power grid and even causing blackouts in some cases. A disaster that occurred in Februey 2017 in Khuzestan province and had numerous economic consequences. In this article, a model for estimating blackout costs is provided. In this regard, the proxy method used to calculate costs. These costs include lost production costs for different groups of industrial, agricultural and public customers, lost leisure in the household customers sector and lost income for electricity companies of Khuzestan province. The results indicate that the damages and costs caused by the disaster were very extensive. It is necessary to consider this result in planning the stability of the country's electricity network, especially in areas prone to micro dust phenomenon.
Mansour Zarra Nezhad; maryam karimi kanouleh; salah ebrahimi
Abstract
Investigate the factors affecting the smuggling of goods as well as its effects on macroeconomic variables has been one of the most important issues in the field of macroeconomics. Examining this issue and its results has an important role in policy making in the field of goods smuggling. Considering ...
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Investigate the factors affecting the smuggling of goods as well as its effects on macroeconomic variables has been one of the most important issues in the field of macroeconomics. Examining this issue and its results has an important role in policy making in the field of goods smuggling. Considering this issue, the purpose of this article is to investigate the economic smuggling of goods as one of the obstacles to production using an empirical approach. Therefore, in this study, in addition to estimating the volume of goods smuggling in Iran using structural equation modeling during the period from 1350 to 1399, its impact on Iran's gross domestic product will also be investigated with a time series approach. The findings of this study showed that the average volume of goods smuggling in the period under review was about 22.53% of the official GDP. Also, based on other results of this study, smuggling as an obstacle to production has had a negative and significant impact on GDP in the 50-year period under investigation.
Public Sector Economics
Abbas Ramezani; Ladan Hajianvari
Abstract
Education has become increasingly importance from various perspectives, especially in terms of economics. One can dare to say that education accounts for the largest part of public expenses in all countries across the world. There are few people (who have studied the direct and indirect social and private ...
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Education has become increasingly importance from various perspectives, especially in terms of economics. One can dare to say that education accounts for the largest part of public expenses in all countries across the world. There are few people (who have studied the direct and indirect social and private benefits of education i.e., both public and higher education) who consider investment in education useless or even less useful. Nevertheless, there are still gaps in research on the way that government or private sector are involved in education, particularly with regards to Islamic viewpoints. The aim of this qualitative research is to analyze the economic role of the government in education with an emphasis on the perspective of Islam. In this regard, semi-structured interviews were conducted on 15 economics of education experts who were purposefully selected using snowball sampling until data saturation was achieved. The content of interviews was analyzed to elicit themes that can be used in a SWOT matrix. The findings indicate that government involvement in this field has strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats, emphasizing the necessity for both the public and private sectors to jointly participate in the financing of education. With such cooperation, the government and the market can address current shortcomings and contribute to enhancing the quality of education.
Financial Economics
majid aghaei; Saeed Rasekhi; sara rangber
Abstract
Despite relative development in financial institutions, and the abundance of financial resources (income from oil sales), Iran has still struggled to experience high and sustainable economic growth rates, even facing negative growth rates in recent years. Therefore, investigating the influential factors ...
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Despite relative development in financial institutions, and the abundance of financial resources (income from oil sales), Iran has still struggled to experience high and sustainable economic growth rates, even facing negative growth rates in recent years. Therefore, investigating the influential factors in relationship between financial development and economic growth is crucial. Accordingly, this study examines the role and significance of oil resources (oil course) on the relationship between financial development and economic growth through investment channels using the ARDL bounding test during the period from 1980 to 2020. According to the research findings, financial development has a positive and significant impact on investment during the examined period, while the oil curse weakens this relationship and can indicate the indirect impact of the oil curse on the relationship between financial development and economic growth through investment channels in Iran. The interactive variable of financial development and the oil curse also had a negative and significant impact on investment during the examined period, indicating the financial system's inability to allocate resources effectively toward productive investments. Based on these results, it can be stated that the oil curse has affected the functioning of the financial sector in the Iranian economy and, by making this sector inefficient, has had a negative impact on investment, thus weakening the relationship between economic growth and financial development.
Financial Economics
parisa mohajeri; reza taleblou; Mina Yaghchi
Abstract
The strategic decision of determining the optimal capital structure is paramount for corporate managers, given its profound impact on company valuation and shareholder wealth. This study aims to discern the factors influencing capital structure, specifically financial leverage, with a concentrated focus ...
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The strategic decision of determining the optimal capital structure is paramount for corporate managers, given its profound impact on company valuation and shareholder wealth. This study aims to discern the factors influencing capital structure, specifically financial leverage, with a concentrated focus on uncertainties at both the industry and company levels, employing a multilevel panel model. Data spanning a 15-year period from 1387 to 1401 for 151 companies across 26 industries listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange were collected. R software facilitated the estimation of stock price volatility and stock market industry indices, followed by the application of Stata software to estimate the multilevel panel model. The results reveal several key insights: first, industry-level uncertainties exert a significant negative impact on leverage, while company-level uncertainties lack statistical significance. Second, Q-Tobin demonstrates a positive and substantial effect, whereas cash flow, profitability, tangible assets, and the market value-to-book value ratio exhibit negative and significant effects on leverage. Third, accounting for different levels and incorporating a random component in coefficient estimations enhance the model's explanatory power. Therefore, the multilevel panel model proves preferable over the fixed-effects panel model.
Money and Monetary Economics
Mohammad Nikzad; Mahdi Yazdani; Hassan Dargahi
Abstract
The balance of payments shocks can affect different economies according to their structure in various scales, so one of the most important of them is the creation of business cycles, which causes key macroeconomic variables such as output, inflation and exchange rate move away from their long-term trends. ...
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The balance of payments shocks can affect different economies according to their structure in various scales, so one of the most important of them is the creation of business cycles, which causes key macroeconomic variables such as output, inflation and exchange rate move away from their long-term trends. The type of exchange rate policy and regime is one of the most important factors in how balance of payments shocks spread and create business cycles. In this research, using a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model, the effects of different balance of payments shocks, including oil export, non-oil export and the term of trade shocks, are evaluated on the major Iran's macroeconomics variables in different exchange rate regimes by using the criteria of loss welfare. Based on impulse-response functions, research findings show that the fixed real exchange rate regime has the least welfare losses under different balance of payments shocks. Also, the managed floating ERR provides better conditions than the floating exchange rate regime, while the fixed nominal exchange rate regime presents the greatest welfare losses. Also, the results show that if the intervention of central bank were at least, the recessionary effect of the negative shock is lowest, but the inflationary effect is highest, in the short-run.
Money and Monetary Economics
sahar zare joneghani; Bahram sahabi; hassan heydari; Mehdi Zolfaghari
Abstract
The equity premium is obtained from the difference between the return on the risky stock asset and the return on the risk-free asset; the failure of financial theory to explain high equity premium is known as the equity premium puzzle. This puzzle was introduced for the first time by Mehra and Prescott ...
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The equity premium is obtained from the difference between the return on the risky stock asset and the return on the risk-free asset; the failure of financial theory to explain high equity premium is known as the equity premium puzzle. This puzzle was introduced for the first time by Mehra and Prescott in the framework of the C-CAPM model and states that stock returns are so high that it cannot be explained by the fluctuation of real consumption growth. Therefore, the examination of the puzzle is important because it provides the basis for the correction of models that lead to failure when faced with financial data. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the equity premium puzzle in Iran. Focusing on the relationship between the real and financial sectors, this study has specified a DSGE model in accordance with the conditions of Iran's economy. The specified model can investigate the equity premium puzzle in Iran by applying technology shocks, government spending, oil revenue, stock price index shock and money supply and the effect of these shocks on asset returns and consumption. The results show that the productivity shock, oil income shock and stock price shock in the high risk aversion parameter while smoothing the consumption and creating high equity premium can explain the equity premium puzzle in Iran.
The Economics of Technology, Energy and Sustainable Development
Yaghoub Andayesh; Amir Hossein Montazer Hojat; Eshagh Qasemi
Abstract
Russia’s Position in the world gas Market and common membership of Russia with Iran has given importance to Analysis of Russia's asymmetric behavior productive in the world gas market. Russia’s Position in the global gas Market and it’s excessive capacity in gas production provides ...
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Russia’s Position in the world gas Market and common membership of Russia with Iran has given importance to Analysis of Russia's asymmetric behavior productive in the world gas market. Russia’s Position in the global gas Market and it’s excessive capacity in gas production provides an opportunity which it’s Increase (decrease) in longtime producing natural gas with changing in variables such as other members of gas exporting countries production, shale gas production, world natural gas demand, world natural gas price and the crude oil world price doesn’t change in order to stabilize symmetric and aligned market. In this paper, Russia gas productive behavior was investigated by using seasonal data from 2001 to 2021 and by nonlinear autoregressive distributed lags (NARDL) method. The results showed that during changes (Increase & decrease) in mentioned variables; as the most important variables affecting the formation of changes in the supply and demand of the world Gas, Russia Gas productive behavior in the direction of aligned market stability will not change. And in the GECF, Russia shows a similar behavior to Saudi Arabia in the OPEC.
Public Sector Economics
aso esmailpour
Abstract
In this article, the foreign exchange market index (EMP) in the countries that export metals, spices, raw materials and energy during the period of 1990-2020 by applying the simple panel transition regression model (PSTR), two regimes on the real price ...
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In this article, the foreign exchange market index (EMP) in the countries that export metals, spices, raw materials and energy during the period of 1990-2020 by applying the simple panel transition regression model (PSTR), two regimes on the real price of food, food, energy and raw materials , show that the currency market pressure has a negative and significant effect on the real price of food, metals, energy and raw materials among the countries that export the studied goods, so that the level of trade balance shows a negative and significant effect in a linear and non-linear manner on the pressure of the foreign exchange market, on the other hand, the real price index of goods in both regimes has strengthened the pressure of the foreign exchange market in the exporting countries, in the food exporting countries The commodity price index shows a positive and significant effect on the foreign exchange market pressure in two regimes, and the net foreign asset also has a positive and significant effect in both linear and non-linear regimes, and the Balassa-Samuelson effect in the two regimes of exporting countries. Food has a positive and significant effect on the pressure of the currency market. In countries that export raw materials, price indices and trade balance levels have a negative and significant effect on currency market pressure in the first and second regimes, on the other hand, net foreign assets have a positive effect in the first regime and a positive effect in the second regime.
habib morovat
Abstract
An extensive and growing literature has documented the existence of social preferences, their economic and political consequences, and the various conditions under which they affect the equilibrium and outcomes of human interactions. In this research, by using the Global Preferences Survey (GPS) data, ...
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An extensive and growing literature has documented the existence of social preferences, their economic and political consequences, and the various conditions under which they affect the equilibrium and outcomes of human interactions. In this research, by using the Global Preferences Survey (GPS) data, an attempt was made to investigate the effect of age and gender on social preferences for the entire country and provinces. The results of multivariate regression showed that, firstly, people's age has a positive and significant effect on trusting others and altruism, and it has a negative and significant effect on negative reciprocity, but it does not have a significant effect on positive reciprocity. Secondly, gender only has a negative and significant effect on trust. It means that women have less trust. Thirdly, income and education have a negative and significant effect on trust and have a significant and positive effect on altruism and positive reciprocity and do not have a significant effect on negative reciprocity. Also, the ranking of the country's provinces was calculated and presented based on the constituent elements of social preferences (trust, altruism, positive and negative reciprocity). Based on the findings of the research, it was found that Iran is higher than the world average in terms of altruism, trust and reciprocity, and Markazi, Lorestan and Ilam provinces have the highest rank in trust, altruism and reciprocity, respectively.
