Mohammad Ali Moradi; Mohammadreza Hedayati
Abstract
Nowadays, digitalization of economy in order to achieve productivity enhancement, improvement of economic growth and job creation has become one of dominant approaches in most countries all over the world. Considering the traditional structures governing the country's production and trade and the lower ...
Read More
Nowadays, digitalization of economy in order to achieve productivity enhancement, improvement of economic growth and job creation has become one of dominant approaches in most countries all over the world. Considering the traditional structures governing the country's production and trade and the lower competitiveness of economy in Iran, accompanied by lower productivity growth, lower economic growth and higher unemployment rates, the development of a digital economy to solve some of these problems is a requirement and not a choice. The purpose of this research is to design a model that can transform the country from a resource-based economy to a digital economy. To prepare, compile and design a transition model, a multi-stage methodology is employed. In the first step, the transition literature is reviewed and based on the findings, some dimensions of transition model are identified. In the second step, “ground theory” approach is used to develop and design an evolutionary transition model to digital economy. This model examines and analyzes tacit knowledge and experiences of experts on digital economy that are collected through interviews based on qualitative data collection approach from experts. The findings of the expert interviews are a collection of narratives, codes, and documents showing knowledge and experiences of interviewees. The existing narratives of experts are the basis for the classifications of subjects. The method of analyzing these data is coding. The coding method has three steps: open coding, axial encoding and selective encoding. ATLAS.ti software is used to analyze qualitative data collected through interviews. Finally, by synthesizing the findings of the literature review as well as findings of interviews, the transition model is identified and introduced based on a logical structure of the designing and the evolutionary process of transferring the Iranian economy from the present state to a digital economy. The findings reveal that the evolutionary process of the transition model to digital economy in Iran is based on following dimensions: Identification of the status quo, providing requirements for achieving digital economy, explaining strategies and policies for growth and development of digital economy, identifying opportunities existing in digital economy, developing the applications of the digital economy and the optimum situation, namely the achievement of the digital economy.
Mostafa Sharif; Seyed Mohammadreza Javan
Abstract
Many studies have been done about inflation in all developed and developing countries and they have tried to analyze and assess the factors affecting inflation. However, few studies have been done on the causality of inflation. In this study, we have tried to use time series methods to identify different ...
Read More
Many studies have been done about inflation in all developed and developing countries and they have tried to analyze and assess the factors affecting inflation. However, few studies have been done on the causality of inflation. In this study, we have tried to use time series methods to identify different variables that have the greatest impact on inflation in Iran. The purpose of this paper is to find causal relationships between the imports of consumption, intermediate and capital goods in one hand and inflation on the other hand during the period 1980-2010 in Iranian economy. In this study, we have tried to identify different variables that their time series have the greatest impact on inflation in Iran, Therefore, in this study we have considered the different variables of the consumer price index (inflation rate), liquidity, per capita GNP, free market exchange rate, the adjusted ratio of budget deficit to GDP (BD, GDP), as well as imports of capital, consumption and intermediate goods. In this study, VAR model, error correction model and Granger causality test are used and the resultd confirm one-way and two-way relationship between inflation and and different types of imports.
Farshad Momeni; Shima Hajinoroozi
Abstract
In this paper by applying the Social Order Approach developed by North, Wallis and Weingast we indicate how natural states with limited access order and rent-oriented behaviors prevent achievement of privatization goals. This study applies descriptive-analytical approach to suggest that corruption in ...
Read More
In this paper by applying the Social Order Approach developed by North, Wallis and Weingast we indicate how natural states with limited access order and rent-oriented behaviors prevent achievement of privatization goals. This study applies descriptive-analytical approach to suggest that corruption in natural states is one of main limitations to success of privatization program and then investigates the impacts of corruption on three of the most important goals of privatization: strengthening the role of productive private sector in economy, promoting productivity and improving the public sector's financial health. Natural states with rent-oriented behaviors prevent strengthening of productive private sector through disturbing business environment and distorting transfers of ownership. Also corruption makes it difficult to access the goal of promoting productivity, through distorting the motivations of productive investment and reducing the available financial resources of productive private sector to improve productivity. Transferring state firms to the private sector and releasing of resources, makes an opportunity for natural states able to benefit elites more than before. Therefore, where institutional structure is corrupted and rent-based, it is impossible to improve financial health of public sector. Investigating the experience of Iran as a country with a natural state and widespread corruption confirms the theoretical-analytical framework of the study and shows that none of the goals of privatization has been achieved. During the implementation of privatization, not only the role of private sector has not improved, but also the share of government sector has increased. Also, total factor productivity index has not changed significantly and budget deficit of government has increased along with the acceleration of transfers of ownership.
. .; . .
Volume 1, Issue 1 , July 2001, , Pages 91-108
Saeed Karimi Petanlar; Mohammad Babazadeh; Naeemeh Hamidi
Volume 12, Issue 46 , October 2012, , Pages 141-156
Abstract
Given the importance of economic effect of governmental expenditure at the national level, several studies has been done to identify the factors affecting the extent and composition of government expenditure. In the present article, the effect of fiscal corruption on government expenditure along with ...
Read More
Given the importance of economic effect of governmental expenditure at the national level, several studies has been done to identify the factors affecting the extent and composition of government expenditure. In the present article, the effect of fiscal corruption on government expenditure along with other factors has been studied. For this purpose, a panel which includes the annual data for years 2000- 2007 for 31 selected developing countries has been considered. In the first stage, stationary properties of variables and long-term relation between them is investigated. Then by using the method of panel data regression, the impact of fiscal corruption on the composition of government expenditure has been investigated. Findings of our econometric models show that fiscal corruption has a meaningful effect on composition of government expenditure. In other words, reduction in fiscal corruption index will lead to increase in the relative share of current expenditure, the share of expenditure on human capital and the share of expenditure on education and health in GDP. Also we have found a reduction in the relative share of military expenditure and capital expenditure in GDP.
Soheila Parvin; Ilnaz Ebrahimi; Azam Ahmadian
Volume 14, Issue 52 , April 2014, , Pages 149-186
Abstract
Abstract Banking industry is the most important type of financial intermediaries in Iran which, by sound organization and management of its resources and their use, can provide grounds for economic growth and prosperity. Because of the extensive network of relationships between banking sector and major ...
Read More
Abstract Banking industry is the most important type of financial intermediaries in Iran which, by sound organization and management of its resources and their use, can provide grounds for economic growth and prosperity. Because of the extensive network of relationships between banking sector and major sectors of the economy, shocks initiated in the banking sector can affect the behavior of economic agents and macroeconomic variables such as output and inflation. Among the set of most important shocks to bank balance sheet, we can name examples such as shocks of deposit withdrawals by depositors and bank liquidity shocks, both as liability shocks and shocks to the reserve of non-performing assets as an asset shock. As a result, the effects of banking sector balance-sheet shocks on macroeconomic variables are important. In this study, by using New Keynesian dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model and the annual data for the period of 1981-2012, we examine the response of macroeconomic variables such as output and inflation to banking sector’s balance-sheet shocks. To extract the parameters of the DSGE model, we use calibration method and then we use the moments of first and second order to evaluate the accuracy of the model based on autocorrelation coefficients and response functions. The results of model evaluation showed a pattern consistent with theoretical expectations and the realities of the Iranian economy. The results also showed that the negative effects of balance sheet shocks stemming from the shocks of the reserve of non-performing loans on output and inflation are higher than the shocks resulting from withdrawal of deposits and bank liquidity shocks, but the effects are diminished in shorter period of time. On the other hand, the negative impact of the liquidity shock is lower than other shocks and in a very short period of time, the effects of this type of shocks fade out and inflation and output variables rapidly converge to a stable state.
. .
Volume 3, Issue 10 , January 2004, , Pages 157-176
Alimohammad Ahmadi; Jalal Dehnavi; Amin Haghnejad
Volume 11, Issue 41 , July 2011, , Pages 159-180
Abstract
This paper analyzes the Granger causality between economic growth and
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in the three income groups of 112
developing countries over the period of 1980 to 2006. For this purpose, panel data
techniques, including panel unit root, panel cointegration, and panel vector ...
Read More
This paper analyzes the Granger causality between economic growth and
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows in the three income groups of 112
developing countries over the period of 1980 to 2006. For this purpose, panel data
techniques, including panel unit root, panel cointegration, and panel vector error
correction model, have been applied. The research findings indicate that; firstly,
there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between economic growth
and FDI inflow in each of three groups. Secondly, these findings, also, provide
strong evidence from gtanger causality between these two variables in all income
groups.
. .
Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2002, , Pages 163-178
Reza Tehrani; Alireza Saranj; Hojjat-Allah Ansari
Volume 11, Issue 43 , January 2012, , Pages 167-184
Abstract
Liquidity is one of the effective factors on the investors' portfolio
decision-making. The previous research evidences shows that liquidity
risk factor plays the significant role in cross-sectional return
explanation. The present study aimed at investigation of relationship
between the expected return ...
Read More
Liquidity is one of the effective factors on the investors' portfolio
decision-making. The previous research evidences shows that liquidity
risk factor plays the significant role in cross-sectional return
explanation. The present study aimed at investigation of relationship
between the expected return and liquidity. For this purpose liquidity
proxy variable used in this study is the turnover ratio of trading
volume. This study included 30 companies listed in Tehran Stock
Exchange during the years of 1380-1386. The obtained result from
generalized least square (GLS) method revealed that there was a
positive relationship between cross-sectional return and liquidity.
Khaled Sheykhi; Rasoul Yari; Hassan Davoudi
Volume 13, Issue 50 , October 2013, , Pages 169-190
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to empirically study the financial efficiency ratios to examine the insolvency of activities of listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample of the study consists of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. To achieve our goal, a sample of 30 successful ...
Read More
The main purpose of this study is to empirically study the financial efficiency ratios to examine the insolvency of activities of listed companies on Tehran Stock Exchange. The sample of the study consists of accepted companies in Tehran Stock Exchange. To achieve our goal, a sample of 30 successful companies and 30 unsuccessful companies is selected. The criteria for selecting successful companies was the simple Tobin indicator and for unsuccessful companies was article 141 of trade law. After collecting data, the financial ratios were examined using the statistical methods of multiple discriminating analysis and logit analysis for one and two years before the halt of operations of the companies. The results revealed that financial ratios of immediate assets to current liabilities, operating income to total assets excluding current debt, cash plus short-term investment to total assets, and average inventories to sales were factors contributing to the division of companies into successful and unsuccessful ones. The comparison test of the success ratio in the two samples shows that the logit method compared to multiple discriminating analyses predicted more accurately the halt of the operations for one year before the operation halt. However, there wasn’t significant difference between the two statistical methods for two years before the discontinuation of operations.
Saeid Isazadeh; Zeinab Shaeri
Volume 12, Issue 45 , July 2012, , Pages 173-200
Abstract
This paper examines empirically the depth of financial development in the IRAN banking industry and it's comprision with MENA banking system during 1995 -2008 by applying Panel Data method. The study measures the cost efficiency of these banks using the stochastic frontier approach (SFA). The result ...
Read More
This paper examines empirically the depth of financial development in the IRAN banking industry and it's comprision with MENA banking system during 1995 -2008 by applying Panel Data method. The study measures the cost efficiency of these banks using the stochastic frontier approach (SFA). The result shows that banks in MENA area, on average, could save 20 percent of their total costs if they were operating efficiently. We use a two- stage regression method to investigate the impact of depth of financial development on bank efficiency. The findings show that, the depth of financial development of the banking industry has increased the efficiency of banking system during the period of study.
Mohssen Ebrahimi; Alireza Ghanbary
Volume 9, Issue 34 , October 2009, , Pages 173-204
Abstract
The main factor influencing the fluctuation of oil revenues is the price fluctuation of oil. Considering that Iran economy is dependent on oil revenues, therefore controlling the risks of price fluctuation in oil, seems to be quite necessary.
One of the new strategies in controlling price risk factor ...
Read More
The main factor influencing the fluctuation of oil revenues is the price fluctuation of oil. Considering that Iran economy is dependent on oil revenues, therefore controlling the risks of price fluctuation in oil, seems to be quite necessary.
One of the new strategies in controlling price risk factor is entering into the oil paper market, and using financial derivatives as an instrument, which is the subject of review in here. Coverage instrument used, are future contracts of one to four month in nymex oil stock exchange market. In this review, by using different methods of econometric, different situation for strategies covering the risk was resulted, of which for selecting the best situation, efficiency and desirability for each one is estimated. Results show that, by using future contracts, we can reduce the risks of oil revenues at least by 85%, which is reached upto 96% in most suitable circumstances.
Samira Motaghi; Bahram Sahabi; Afshin Mottaghi; Bijan Safavi
Volume 12, Issue 47 , January 2013, , Pages 175-196
Abstract
Middle East is one of the important regions in the world and this importance is strategic because of matters such as the volume of oil reserves and its production in this region. But there is a visible lack of an intensive Regional Trade Agreement in the region that if existed, could give rise to economic ...
Read More
Middle East is one of the important regions in the world and this importance is strategic because of matters such as the volume of oil reserves and its production in this region. But there is a visible lack of an intensive Regional Trade Agreement in the region that if existed, could give rise to economic convergence between the countries of the region. So it seems useful to examine the effects of creating a hypothetical economic agreement in Middle East. For this purpose, this paper is an attempt to analyze the consequences of membership in a regional trade agreement on trade flows between the countries of this region.
The model used is an extended version of the Gravity model and the data was compiled across a number countries in Middle East over 2002-2009. The findings demonstrate that the creation of a Trade Block in Middle East region would be ineffective.
Ali Hassanzadeh; Behnam Asgary
Volume 12, Issue 44 , April 2012, , Pages 175-198
Abstract
The independence of central bank is important because if this bank turns into the financier of government budget deficit, this will be in conflict with its main responsibility which is the control of inflation and keeping of price stability through money supply control. In this paper, we study the effects ...
Read More
The independence of central bank is important because if this bank turns into the financier of government budget deficit, this will be in conflict with its main responsibility which is the control of inflation and keeping of price stability through money supply control. In this paper, we study the effects of central bank independence on the liquidity management system of Iran and 21 oil exporting countries during 1994-2008. The Panel data econometric method has been applied. The GMT[1] index has been used in this study which is one of the most inclusive indices in study of central bank independence.
The results for low independent central bank countries, explain that these countries use expansionary policies in the framework high liquidity growth when oil price increases, while, the results for countries with higher independent central banks, show these countries are able to use controlled monetary policies over oil price increase.
[1]- Grilli, V., Masciandaro, D. and Tabellini, (1991).
Mostafa Salimifar; Roh Allah Nourouzi; Moheb Allah Motahari
Volume 9, Issue 35 , January 2010, , Pages 175-196
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to survey the levels of industrial and regional development and the situation of distribution of industrial, cultural, hygienic and healthy facilities among the cities of the provinces of Razavi Khorasan, Southern Khorasan and northern Khorasan. In order to this, after ...
Read More
The purpose of this article is to survey the levels of industrial and regional development and the situation of distribution of industrial, cultural, hygienic and healthy facilities among the cities of the provinces of Razavi Khorasan, Southern Khorasan and northern Khorasan. In order to this, after selection suitable indicators of development, a few statistical methods and multiple branch decision making techniques such as: multiple attribute decision making (MADM), simple additive weighting (SWA) and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) as well as classical and non-classical taxonomies have been used for industrial and regional development ranking in the year of 2006. Obtained results show that there was a huge difference among the cities from the point of view of industrial and regional development in the year under study. Moreover, a positive and significant relation was found between industrial development and regional one in the provinces. Though, the recorded relation is weaker than that of national level.
Javid Bahrami; Maryam Farshchi
Volume 11, Issue 40 , April 2011, , Pages 185-211
Abstract
This paper examines the incidence of Dutch Disease symptoms in the agriculture sector of Iran, by applying SVAR modeling to quarterly data of twenty years span, from1367-1386 our findings do not reveal any significant relation between oil prices, and value added of agriculture sector, but indicate a ...
Read More
This paper examines the incidence of Dutch Disease symptoms in the agriculture sector of Iran, by applying SVAR modeling to quarterly data of twenty years span, from1367-1386 our findings do not reveal any significant relation between oil prices, and value added of agriculture sector, but indicate a significant negative effect of oil price on the relative price of agricultural products. Therefore, the incidence of Dutch Disease cannot be rejected. Although it seems that protective measures, in some extent, have been succeeded in insulating the production from harmful effects of decrease in the relative prices, but these measures, in no way will ensure the future development of the agriculture sector.
. .
Volume 1, Issue 2 , October 2001, , Pages 185-200
. .
Volume 2, Issue 6 , October 2002, , Pages 185-204
Mahdi Taghavi; Nilufar Hosein Tash
Volume 11, Issue 42 , October 2011, , Pages 187-212
Abstract
One way to expand the trade flows of Iran is investigation and testing of the
new international trade patterns about Iran
!
s trade. So, analysing of gravity model
as the most applicable model of trade is useful .Gravity type models have often
been used to analyse trade flows based on the economic ...
Read More
One way to expand the trade flows of Iran is investigation and testing of the
new international trade patterns about Iran
!
s trade. So, analysing of gravity model
as the most applicable model of trade is useful .Gravity type models have often
been used to analyse trade flows based on the economic sizes of (often using GDP
measurements) and distance between countries and trade blocks. In this paper, we
test the gravity equation for analysing of Iran
!
s export to 12 oil exporting countries.
Result shows that Iran
!
s export to developed oil exporting countries like UK and
Norway is according to the both factors of gravity model, contain GDP and
distance. Also, these results are significant with other oil exporting (developing)
countries. Although some countries like United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia,
Libya, Nigeria are exception. In fact, existing factors in gravity model (GDP and
distance) have no effect on determination of Iran
. .
Volume 4, Issue 12 , April 2004, , Pages 187-203
Ebrahim Rezaei; Mohammad Reza Saadi; Farshad Shokri
Volume 13, Issue 51 , January 2014, , Pages 189-210
Abstract
Nowadays, besides of other factors affecting macroeconomic instability, the chronic trade account deficit has a crucial role in this instability. It is clear that the trade account deficit can be risen from instability of goods and services exports. Therefore, in this research, along with investigating ...
Read More
Nowadays, besides of other factors affecting macroeconomic instability, the chronic trade account deficit has a crucial role in this instability. It is clear that the trade account deficit can be risen from instability of goods and services exports. Therefore, in this research, along with investigating the concept of non-oil export instability, we’re going to study the most important factors shaping this phenomenon during the period of 1971-2008. To do this, we have chosen the best index for measuring export instability and also other indices for measuring commodity and geographical concentration. Then, by using Bound test method, suggested by Pesaran(2001), we have investigated the long run relationship among the variables. In the next stage, the Variance decomposition method, suggested by Liu and Xin(2008), has been employed to analyze the isolated effects of commodity and country groups on export instability. Our results show that commodity and geographic concentration along with oil and industrial exports have a significant effect on non-oil export instability. In fact, when considering geographical concentration, the largest instability comes from OPEC market.
Ebrahim Eltejaee
Volume 9, Issue 33 , July 2009, , Pages 189-222
Abstract
Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been adopted by many developing countries to move from inward looking toward outward looking strategies. This paper hints that EPZs are instruments of export promoting strategies and compares EPZs in South Korea, China, India and Iran from the aspects of goals, background, ...
Read More
Export Processing Zones (EPZs) have been adopted by many developing countries to move from inward looking toward outward looking strategies. This paper hints that EPZs are instruments of export promoting strategies and compares EPZs in South Korea, China, India and Iran from the aspects of goals, background, incentive policies and contribution to total country exports. Results indicate that S-Korea and China successfully used EPZs for clear goals within their export promoting strategies. But in Iran, like India in the last century, these zones have not been established within any clear trade and industrial strategy. So, in spite of many preferential and incentive policies adopted in Iran's Free Trade Zones, these zones could not play a significant role in export and industrial promotion in the country.
Leila Karimian; Ali Reza Daghighi Asli
Volume 8, Issue 31 , January 2009, , Pages 191-218
Abstract
Insurance industry has been changed with development ICT as well as other industries. Studies showed that; using e-insurance has created representation of more effective, direct and cheaper goods and services for insurance companies. Business competitive pressures at insurance industry and changing expectations ...
Read More
Insurance industry has been changed with development ICT as well as other industries. Studies showed that; using e-insurance has created representation of more effective, direct and cheaper goods and services for insurance companies. Business competitive pressures at insurance industry and changing expectations of customers have necessitated using of IT certainly; evolution of ICT is affected on insurance industry in this century. Affection of this evolution is caused innovation on quality and quantity of services and more important effect on marketing styles and sales of insurance. Moreover very new discussion is expressed particularly in related with e-insurance. In this research, we try to rank the insurance services and products in order to electronic sale. Survey methods are used to gather the data and silver modelling is used to analyze it.
Mohssen Renani; Rahim Dallai Esfahani; Ali Hussein Samadi
Volume 10, Issue 37 , July 2010, , Pages 193-215
Abstract
This paper, is trying to analyse the institutional barriers of economic growth in IRAN (1959-2000). For this purpose, we have estimated a growth model with TSLS and Gregory – Hansen (1996) cointegration techniques. The results showed that, institutional qualities have positive and significant effects ...
Read More
This paper, is trying to analyse the institutional barriers of economic growth in IRAN (1959-2000). For this purpose, we have estimated a growth model with TSLS and Gregory – Hansen (1996) cointegration techniques. The results showed that, institutional qualities have positive and significant effects on economic growth. In other words, institutions play an important role in the process of economic growth in Iranian economy.
