Economics Research

Abstract In this paper, we designed the optimal trajectory of state and control variables of the Iran's economy. The scope of our research has been the second, the third and the forth economic Five-Year Development Plans. First, we have determined the optimal values of the variables using our previously designed macroeconomic model in the context of Optimal Control Theory. The primary results indicate the fact that some of planned targets of the values of economic variables are in contradiction to each other, so they are not accessible. Then, we introduced different scenarios to analyze the sensitivity of the targets to the values of policy variables. One of the most important scenarios for supplying money in the Iran's economy is choosing a constant growth rate by a prudent policy decision.

Abstract Creating new opportunities and utilizing of existing production potentials are the main determinants of demands for labor. In Iran's economy, limitations of markets, excess capacities in some of industries are prevalent. Increases in final demand and capital formations reflects domestic, demand and net exports is the foreign demand for output, and thereby, creation of job opportunities. Making use of a 24 sectors Input-output index (1996) of Iran, this paper ranks the output and employment capacities of Iran's economy. Our developed Indicators consist of, backward and forward linkages, and final demand elasticity's of output and employment.
Findings indicate that, since in the majority of specified sectors, employment elasticity's are less than output elasticity's, growth oriented policies necessarily are not employment creator. Among the specified sectors of the economy, food industries, residential and infrastructural construction, road transportation services, business services and mineral metals are identified as key factors for job opportunities.

Abstract Trade liberalization and elimination of price distorition can increase the relative advantage of domestic products. So, the import, especially, intermediate- capital goods import can increase the quality of products and competitiveness of industries. In this paper, the effects of macroeconomic variables on imported capital is analyzed.
The results show that the import demand is widely affected by real exchange rate and real per capita income and that is less affected by the tariff rate, and by using error correction mechanism we found that if we are in disequilibrium, in each period 48 percent of the difference toward equlilibrioum is eliminated.

Abstract In this paper we address the issue of whether financial structure influences economic growth. Three competing views of financial structure exist in the literature: the bank base, the market base and the financial services view.
Recent empirical studies examine their relevance by utilizing panel and cross- section approaches. This paper utilizes time series data of Iran .We find significant effects of financial structure on real per capita output, which is in contrast to some of the recent findings.

Abstract The functional form of the consumer allocation models should be to satisfy theoretical derived from the consumer demand theory and must be able to explain the behavior of the consumer. In the first part of this paper, we have explained some of the theoretical characteristics of the consumer demand theory. At the second part of this paper, an empirical study has taken place by using consumption expenditures data of the urban households in West Azerbaijan province during the period 1979-2003. The results show that restricted and unrestricted Rotterdam demand system provide homogenous restriction but unrestricted Rotterdam demand system provide symmetry restriction and no restricted Rotterdam demand system.

Abstract In this paper, the effects of a Preferential Trade Agreement between Iran and Turkey are estimated by employing a partial equilibrium model. The results indicate that an agreement would increase both export and import of Iran to Turkey; nevertheless, this export would rise less than the import due to the less level tariff of Iran compared with Turkey. However, the main increasing import is from Turkey is capital and intermediary goods whose effects is different from consumption goods. Moreover, in this case, the tariff revenues of Iran would decrease, but it is different from goods level to two-digit H.S code; in fact regarding to the amount of decreasing tariff and the import demand elasticity of each good, the tariff revenues related to some goods would increase.

Abstract     In economic studies of cooperatives, little attention has been paid to the different economic behaviors of cooperative and profit maximizer firms.There is a rich theoretical literature of cooperation theory  which indicates that if the society wishes to catch the benefits of the cooperation, the coops must ignore profit maximizing behavior .Instead,they must attempt  to maximize their own and their members' welfare.In this study, the economic behavior of the Iran's small cheese coops were analysed.For this purpose ,a panel data of 7 coops for 1995-2003 period were used.Results showed that these coops were profit maximizer firms and not cooperative ones, and hence the producers who deliver their raw  milk to them, and consumers of their produced cheese didn't make benefit from the advantages of a real cooperation behavior in milk processing industry. Besides results show that analysed coops have not full efficiency in applying fuel and raw milk factors.