Fereydoon Tafazzoli
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 15-48
Abstract
In 1848 the well- known philosopher of Classical School, John Stuart Mill published his Principles of Political Economy, in which he raised a question about the Ricardian model and its natural laws of distribution. In the same year, there appeared a much different, most outspoken pamphlet which mounted ...
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In 1848 the well- known philosopher of Classical School, John Stuart Mill published his Principles of Political Economy, in which he raised a question about the Ricardian model and its natural laws of distribution. In the same year, there appeared a much different, most outspoken pamphlet which mounted a major attack the capitalistic system. The pamphlet was the Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles. In this pamphlet, they both called for socialist revolution- for the industrial workers to unite and to violently overthrow the governments in Europe, and take over the factories from the capitalists.
Marx and Engels examined the conditions of the capitalistic countries in Europe in the mid- 1800s. At that time, these countries were suffering from poverty and deprivation, hunger and unemployment and so many
other problems and their economic and social conditions were not pleasant at all.
At that sensitive time in history, Marxian socialist revolution against the governments of several European countries seemed very likely. But it did not occur and somehow things held together and, with the introduction of new production techniques which made production increase considerably, ultimately began getting better for most people in these countries, especially England. Meanwhile, in this period economic science followed its path of development.
Marx and Engels as the main critics of capitalism and also French dissenters and others such as Henry George and Thorstein Veblen, by developing new ideas, established new schools of thought in economics. On the other hand, many great economic thinkers, including Leon Walras and Alfred Marshall, the two outstanding Neo- Classical scholars revived economic knowledge again and in this way economic science continued its path of development.
Teymoor Mohammadi; Amir Gholami
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 49-74
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of exchange rate unification on macroeconomic variables (inflation, unemployment and output) by applying a Vector Autoregression model to Iran’s economy. Variables are GDP, Price level, Unemployment and exchange rate and data belongs to the ...
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The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of exchange rate unification on macroeconomic variables (inflation, unemployment and output) by applying a Vector Autoregression model to Iran’s economy. Variables are GDP, Price level, Unemployment and exchange rate and data belongs to the priod 1961-2001.
We can Summerize the results of this research as follows:
1) Official exchange rate is significantly correlated with consumer price index, so that exchange rate shocks resulting from Unification positively affects price level within three periods.
2) Official exchange rate is not significantly correlated with the real GDP.
3) Official exchange rate is not significantly correlated with the unemployment rate.
Akbar Komeyjani; Mahmood Mahmoodzadeh
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 75-107
Abstract
Analysis of ICT impacts on the economic performance has been started since 1990s. Researches have found different results about ICT outcomes in different countries at macro level. The aim goal of this paper is to investigate the impact of ICT on Economic Growth (EG) by using Growth Accounting theory ...
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Analysis of ICT impacts on the economic performance has been started since 1990s. Researches have found different results about ICT outcomes in different countries at macro level. The aim goal of this paper is to investigate the impact of ICT on Economic Growth (EG) by using Growth Accounting theory and Vector Error Correction Method (VECM) in Iran over the period 1959-2003 at different subperiods.
Findings state that the non-ICT capital stock has the vital role (almost 50 percent) in EG. The employment share is 30-38 percent. Total Factor Productivity (TFP) accounts for 7-10 percent of EG. The production elasticity of ICT capital stock is 0.07. It contributes almost 7.0 percent of EG in the period of 1984-2003. This share doesn't consist of quality adjustment, usage, spillover, and technological effects, therefore it is the least. Also, there is a causal relationship from ICT capital stock on production in short and long run. In addition, the Scale of Return is unit in
Iran economy. Improvement of the complementary factors and ICT infrastructure and Promoting the usage of ICT can increase the contribution of ICT in Iran economy.
Mir Hossein Mousavi; Masoomeh Nematpoor; Hosseyn Zarin Eghbali
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 109-129
Abstract
This paper deals with optimum commodity taxation in Bocker’s (1965) model of the allocation of time. While the existing public finance literature emphasizes the role of cross elasticity’s with leisure, we find that the optimal tax system crucially depends on factor shares and elasticity’s ...
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This paper deals with optimum commodity taxation in Bocker’s (1965) model of the allocation of time. While the existing public finance literature emphasizes the role of cross elasticity’s with leisure, we find that the optimal tax system crucially depends on factor shares and elasticity’s of substitution in household production.
In the special case of Leontieff technology, the optimum tax rule depends solely on factor shares and, furthermore, this simple rule maintains the first best allocation. The Becker approach implies, for example, that the social optimum involves a preferential tax treatment of consumer services and possibly even exclusion from the tax base.
Seyed Komail Tayyebi; Karim Azarbayjani; Shirin Mesrinejad
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 131-151
Abstract
International competitiveness consists of many factors which influence the behavior of an economy. Many measurements of international competitiveness have been developed to be used for predicting the trend of trade. They are used for the analyzing trade relations between countries to show to which extent ...
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International competitiveness consists of many factors which influence the behavior of an economy. Many measurements of international competitiveness have been developed to be used for predicting the trend of trade. They are used for the analyzing trade relations between countries to show to which extent are efficient. In fact, those factors that determine such efficiency are both qualitative (such as sale services) and quantitative in which the later one focus on prices and costs according to the most empirical studies.
The objective of this paper is to measure the degree of the international export competitiveness among the Iran’s trading partners over the period 1995-2003.
Bita Shayegani; Zahra Afshari; Bijan Bidabad
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 153-180
Abstract
The present article assesses the existence of synchronization among the OPEC members’ business cycles. For the purposes of assessing system of simultaneous equations a "central model” due to Helbling and Brodo in the study of synchronization of business cycles, have been used. This way Synchronization ...
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The present article assesses the existence of synchronization among the OPEC members’ business cycles. For the purposes of assessing system of simultaneous equations a "central model” due to Helbling and Brodo in the study of synchronization of business cycles, have been used. This way Synchronization between business cycles of OPEC member countries by means of synchronization between their business cycles with core country (that in this study for key role of this country in OPEC as the largest oil producer and exporter, is Saudi Arabia) is assessed. By making use of measure of residuals (which are representation of non-synchronization) and classifying of the countries into homogenous groups by using taxonomy method, synchronization between business cycles of OPEC member countries were assessed. For being accurate on the subject, results have been controlled by stepwise regressions method with consideration of trade variable. For filtering effect of quality transitions of two countries, Kuwait and Indonesia in 1990 and 1998, these tests are
accomplished without/with dummy variables. Results indicated strong synchronization between the OPEC members’ business cycles. Therefore due to effect of external dummy variables, this article concludes that their business cycles are synchronous, if OPEC member countries can protect them against external shocks and the precondition of common economic coordination (i. e., synchronization of business cycles) between them will be accomplished.
Nikzad Manteghi; Mahdi Taghavi
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 181-204
Abstract
Concurrent with the acceleration of international export & import, there is a tendency toward the Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA) among all countries, including the Asians. Indeed, they have a twice propensity of joining WTO and making up the regional contracts at the same time. By now about ...
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Concurrent with the acceleration of international export & import, there is a tendency toward the Preferential Trade Agreements (PTA) among all countries, including the Asians. Indeed, they have a twice propensity of joining WTO and making up the regional contracts at the same time. By now about 97% of world trade belongs to such countries which are the members of at least one PTA, comparing to their share of 72% in 1990.
PTA is an agreement between several countries which their tariffs on produced commodities less than what the non-members should afford. Asia and Middle East are among the regions of which have such a contracts; either bilateral or regional. The point among the Islamic neighbors such as Iran, Pakistan and Turkey is very familiar.
In this study, using the methodology of SMART model, we check the effects of Trade Creation (TC) and Trade Diversion (TD) of Iran for either Pakistan or Turkey and vice versa.
Gholamreza Eslami Bidgoli; Saeed Bajalan
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 205-225
Abstract
Inflation and its causes are one of the main issues in economics. One of the theories that try to interpret this phenomenon is Quantity Theory of Money. According to this theory, there is pure linear relationship between the amount of liquidity and general level of prices. This article tests the accuracy ...
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Inflation and its causes are one of the main issues in economics. One of the theories that try to interpret this phenomenon is Quantity Theory of Money. According to this theory, there is pure linear relationship between the amount of liquidity and general level of prices. This article tests the accuracy of this theory in Iran. In addition, the government of Iran has taken the policy of price stabilizing for several years. This article also investigates the effect of this policy on inflation rate. The results show that although the relationship between liquidity and inflation in Iran is not linear, changes in liquidity have a direct effect on inflation. In addition, results indicate that there is statistically significant positive relationship between inflation uncertainty and inflation rate. So government could control inflation uncertainty through this policy, which in turn lead to decrease in inflation rate.
Ahmad Makooie; Seyyed Jafar Sajadi; Pegah Pashin
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 227-251
Abstract
This study offers an application of a non-parametric analytic technique (data envelopment analysis, DEA) in measuring the financial performance of organizations. It explores the efficiency of automotive parts suppliers with the use of financial numbers and a number of financial efficiency ratios for ...
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This study offers an application of a non-parametric analytic technique (data envelopment analysis, DEA) in measuring the financial performance of organizations. It explores the efficiency of automotive parts suppliers with the use of financial numbers and a number of financial efficiency ratios for the time period 2001–2003. The data envelopment analysis is supplemented by, and compared to the model that departs from most frontier studies of organization performance, by using these suggested ratios as output measures and with no use of input measure and both of models compared to, traditional financial ratio analysis which provides additional insight into the financial performance of organizations. It is shown that data envelopment analysis can be used as either an alternative or complement to ratio analysis for the evaluation of an organization’s performance. From the efficiency results we find that the higher the size of total assets the higher the efficiency. We also find the positive relationship between the efficiency and operating profit and return on assets (ROA) and we show there is the increase in efficiency of automotive parts suppliers during the time period 1380-1382.
Azam Soleymani; Hashem Nikoomaram
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 253-279
Abstract
The subject of this research is testing the validity of C.Zavgren in Iranian corporations and finally finding a model for estimating the probability of bankruptcy of this companies
For doing this we used years 1998 to 2005 companies. Real meaning of fail or bankruptcy is cease of operation, but unfortunately ...
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The subject of this research is testing the validity of C.Zavgren in Iranian corporations and finally finding a model for estimating the probability of bankruptcy of this companies
For doing this we used years 1998 to 2005 companies. Real meaning of fail or bankruptcy is cease of operation, but unfortunately because of governmental support the failed companies in Iran to follow their operations, we defined failed companies as per article 141 Business Act that express" the companies that the total accumulated loss (negative retained earning) is more than 50 percent of their capital share, is treated as bankrupted company", we used the same criteria for selecting bankrupted companies.
Finally we found 30 bankrupted companies. For selecting successful companies we used two methods of sampling. In first method, we selected
a miror for each failed company, in the way that for each failed company we found a successful one, in the same industry and year, we call this method of selection, sample1 hereinafter.
The second method for selecting successful companies, we selected most successful companies so that the gap and discriminate between two groups of companies. For doing so, we selected companies with higher retained earning to share capital ratios. We call this way of selection, sample2 hereinafter.
We used the Zavgren coefficients and calculated the probability of bankruptcy. This model for both method of our sampling predicted the probability of fail incorrectly. Actually the expected value of probability for both types of companies was more than .5
We tried to find a formula for prediction probability of bankruptcy using Logit analysis model.
Kambiz Hozhbar Kiani; Alireza Siami
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, Pages 281-307
Abstract
Many of the government programmes for food security are based on their intervention in changing equilibrium prices and quantities. For example, we can refer to the subjects of price control, giving subsidies to some foodstuffs and also the rationing of some products. But such programmes would become ...
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Many of the government programmes for food security are based on their intervention in changing equilibrium prices and quantities. For example, we can refer to the subjects of price control, giving subsidies to some foodstuffs and also the rationing of some products. But such programmes would become valuable when they are offered on the basis of accurate studies for the sake of examining their effects on the household consumption basket and also their nutritious values. These estimations are largely done by the use of demand elasticities of prevailing foodstuffs in the family consumer baskets. In all of these studies the estimated price demand elasticities of existing foodstuffs have been obtained by using time- series data that this Data use the average variables. So definitely does not fully explain our need of studying the household food consumption basket. Therefore, keeping this problem in mind, we have used survey data by 28000 Iranian families in the year 1380 in order to estimate the household demand elasticities. In this study, using a new approach and with the aid of household survey data and by applying the concept of
marginal or unit values, reflecting market prices and consumer choices based on the quality of these foodstuffs, we have been able to estimate the demand functions for food products. Based on these estimates the price demand elasticity of foodstuffs, the cross and income elasticity have been all obtained for seven different groups of food products containing kinds of foodstuffs in the consume food basket of Iranian families.
In this research, we have estimated the demand functions, price and income elasticities by using the almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). The other new thing in this research is the nutrient elasticities. In fact using the foodstuffs elasticities, and with the aid of matri algebra by a transformation matrix, we have estimated nutrient elasticities. These elasticities explain the effects of the change in consumer income and the prices of foodstuffs on the amount of the nutrient that should reach the body of individuals. These implication provide the nutrition administrators with important and key instruments, with the aid which they would be able to evaluate the impacts of food programme on the health of society from the viewpoint of nutrition.
