Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 PhD Student in Tourism, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor in Tourism Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
3 Professor in Business Management, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Introduction
Export performance has long been recognized as a critical indicator of firms’ competitiveness and a key driver of economic growth, particularly in developing and resource-dependent economies. In the context of increasing globalization, intensifying international competition, and heightened environmental uncertainty, understanding the determinants of export performance has become an essential concern for scholars, managers, and policymakers. For countries such as Iran, where reducing dependence on oil revenues and expanding non-oil exports are strategic priorities, identifying the most influential drivers of export performance is of particular importance.
Literature Review
Despite the extensive body of literature on export performance, prior empirical studies have produced mixed and sometimes contradictory findings regarding the magnitude and significance of its determinants. These inconsistencies can largely be attributed to differences in research contexts, methodological approaches, sample sizes, and measurement indicators. Moreover, most existing studies examine export performance determinants in isolation, without providing an integrated and cumulative assessment of their relative importance. The absence of comprehensive meta-analytic evidence in the Iranian context has further limited the generalizability and robustness of prior conclusions. Addressing these gaps, the present study aims to systematically synthesize existing empirical evidence and quantify the effects of key determinants of export performance in Iran through a meta-analysis approach.
The primary objective of this research is to identify, compare, and prioritize six major factors influencing export performance, namely environmental factors, competitive advantage, export strategies, market orientation, innovation, and export commitment. These variables have been repeatedly emphasized in both domestic and international literature as central drivers of export success, yet their relative contributions remain unclear. By integrating findings from multiple empirical studies, this research seeks to provide a more reliable and generalizable estimation of effect sizes and to offer a comprehensive conceptual understanding of export performance in the Iranian context.
Methods and Materials
This study adopts a quantitative meta-analysis approach, which is particularly suitable for addressing contradictory findings across empirical studies, as it combines effect sizes from independent samples to produce statistically more powerful and precise estimates. The statistical population of the study consists of empirical research examining export performance and its determinants in Iran. A systematic search was conducted across major domestic and international databases, including Google Scholar, SID, Magiran, Irandoc, Noormags, ScienceDirect, Emerald, Springer, Wiley, and Scopus. Studies published between 2000–2024 (international sources) and 1380–1403 SH (Iranian sources) were considered.
Following a rigorous screening and selection process based on predefined inclusion criteria—such as relevance to the research hypotheses, availability of sample size and test statistics, and acceptable levels of validity and reliability—40 empirical studies were selected for inclusion in the meta-analysis. The selected studies encompass a wide range of industries and predominantly employed structural equation modeling and regression analysis. Effect sizes were calculated and analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA2) software. To ensure robustness, both fixed-effect and random-effect models were considered, and heterogeneity among studies was systematically assessed.
Results
The meta-analysis of 40 selected studies reveals that all six identified determinants exert a statistically significant and positive influence on export performance within the Iranian context. Among these, Market Orientation (ES = 0.765) and Innovation (ES = 0.576) emerge as the most powerful drivers, indicating that firms with robust customer intelligence and R&D capabilities are significantly better positioned to penetrate foreign markets. Environmental Factors (ES = 0.556) also show a high impact, reflecting the extreme sensitivity of export activities to macro-level uncertainties such as sanctions and exchange rate volatility. Furthermore, the results confirm the importance of Marketing Strategies (ES = 0.422) in terms of pricing and distribution, as well as Competitive Advantage (ES = 0.397) and Export Commitment (ES = 0.310). While all variables are significant, the disparity in their effect sizes suggests that internal proactive capabilities (market-driven and innovative approaches) are more decisive than purely structural or commitment-based factors in sustaining international presence.
Conclusion
The meta-analysis of 40 studies underscores that environmental factors, competitive advantage, export strategies, market orientation, innovation, and export commitment are pivotal determinants of international success. The findings reveal that achieving superior export performance requires a strategic alignment between internal firm capabilities and environmental volatility. Crucially, the qualitative assessment indicates that in contexts characterized by economic instability, such as Iran, macro-shocks (e.g., exchange rate fluctuations and political risks) act as significant moderators that can diminish the positive impact of firm-level variables like market orientation. Therefore, sustainable export growth necessitates a dual approach: enhancing managerial resilience and innovation at the micro-level, supported by macroeconomic stability and proactive international diplomacy at the macro-level.
Keywords
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