Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Master of Economics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil , Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Economics, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil , Iran

Abstract

 
In recent decades, international sanctions have become a common feature of political interactions between governments. In particular, the United States is the country which has imposed the most economic sanctions since World War II. Moreover, several actions have been taken by multilateral organizations like the United Nations in recent years. This study seeks to unveil the effect of UN and US economic sanctions on the misery index in a panel of 41 sanctioned countries during 1991-2018. The model is estimated as unbalanced panel data using the Generalized Least Squares (GLS) method. The results of this study indicate that UN and US sanctions have a significant impact on the misery index. Furthermore, the positive and incremental effect of comprehensive UN economic sanctions on the misery index is greater than that of the United States.

Keywords

خادم علیزاده، امیر، آماده، حمید و بقالیان، محبوبه. (1393). تاثیر تحریم‌های اقتصادی بر سطح اشتغال در ایران. راهبرد اقتصادی، 3 (11)، 104-79.
خانی قریه گپی، نوشین، سحابی، بهرام، عزیزی، فیروزه و صباغ کرمانی، مجید. (1392). شناسایی علل رکود تورمی در ایران: روش تصحیح خطای آستانه‌ای. مدل‌سازی اقتصادی، 7 (24)، 35-19.
سادات‌اخوی، محمد و حسینی، شمس‌الدین. (1396). ارزیابی تاثیر تحریم‌های اقتصادی بر تورم اقتصاد ایران. اقتصاد کاربردی، 7(21)، 50-30.‎
صادقی، عبدالرسول و طیبی، سیدکمیل. (1397). اثرات تحریم‌های بین‌المللی و سایر عوامل تاثیرگذار بر نرخ تورم در ایران (1360-1393). پژوهش‌های اقتصادی ایران، 23(74)، 57-33.‎
کمیجانی، اکبر؛ سبحانیان، محمد هادی و بیات، سعید. (1391). اثرات نامتقارن رشد درآمدهای نفتی بر تورم در ایران با استفاده از روش VECM. پژوهشنامه اقتصادی، 12(45)، 226-201.
گرشاسبی، علیرضا و یوسفی‌دیندارلو، مجتبی. (1395). بررسی اثرات تحریم بین‌المللی بر متغیرهای کلان اقتصادی ایران. تحقیقات مدل‌سازی اقتصادی، 7(25)، 182-129.‎
نادمی یونس, & حسنوند داریوش. (2019). شدت تحریم‌ها و فقر در ایران: لزوم لغو تحریم‌ها از منظر حقوق بشر.‎ مطالعات راهبردی سیاست‌گذاری عمومی، 9 (31) , 153-171.
نادمی، یونس؛ جلیلی‌کامجو، پرویز و خوچیانی، رامین. (1396). مدل‌سازی اقتصادسنجی تاثیر تحریم‌ها بر بازار ارز و مکانیسم انتقال آن به متغیرهای اقتصاد کلان ایران. مدل‌سازی اقتصادسنجی، 2(2)، 87-61.  
Afesorgbor, S. K. (2019). The impact of economic sanctions on international trade: How do threatened sanctions compare with imposed sanctions?. European Journal of Political Economy. 56. 11-26.
Afesorgbor, S. K., & Mahadevan, R. (2016). The impact of economic sanctions on income inequality of target states. World Development. 83.1-11.
Alnasrawi, A. (2001). Iraq: economic sanctions and consequences, 1990–2000. Third World Quarterly. 22(2). 205-218.
Asali, M. (2011, September 12). Causes of Recession and Youth Unemployment Despite the Growth of Investment. Donya-e-eqtesad. https://www.donya-e-eqtesad.com/fa/tiny/news-416992
Baltagi, B. H. (1995). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data. Econometric Theory, 13(5).
Barro, R.J., (1999). Reagan vs. Clinton: Who’s the economic champ. Business Week, 22(5).
Barro, R. J., & Gordon, D. B. (1983). A positive theory of monetary policy in a natural rate model. Journal of political economy. 91(4). 589-610.
Cortright, D., Lopez, G. A., Conroy, R. W., Dashti-Gibson, J., Wagler, J., Malone, D. M., & Axworthy, L. (2000). The sanctions decade: Assessing UN strategies in the 1990s (Vol. 1). Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Cortright, D., Lopez, G. A., Weiss, T. G., Minear, L., Brahimi, L., Crawford, N. C., ... & Zaidi, S. (1997). Political gain and civilian pain: humanitarian impacts of economic sanctions. Rowman & Littlefield.
Dornbusch, R. (1987). Collapsing exchange rate regimes. Journal of Development Economics. 27(1-2). 71-83.
Drezner, D. W., & Drezner, D. W. (1999). The sanctions paradox: Economic statecraft and international relations (No. 65). Cambridge University Press.
Edwards, S. (1989). Exchange controls, devaluations, and real exchange rates: the Latin American experience. Economic Development and Cultural Change. 37(3). 457-494.
Evenett, S. J. (2002). The impact of economic sanctions on South African exports. Scottish Journal of Political Economy. 49(5). 557-573.
Eyler, R. (2007). Economic sanctions: International policy and political economy at work. Springer.
Gala, P., & Lucinda, C. R. (2006). Exchange rate misalignment and growth: old and new econometric evidence. Revista Economia. 7(4). 165-187.
Garshasbi, A., & Yousefi dindarloo, M. (2016). Assessment of International Sanctions on Iranian Macroeconomic Variables. Journal of Economic Modeling Research. 7(25). 129-182. [In Persian]
Ghorbani Dastgerdi, H., Yusof, Z. B., & Shahbaz, M. (2018). Nexus between economic sanctions and inflation: a case study in Iran. Applied Economics. 50(49). 5316-5334.
Gylfason, T., Herbertsson, T. T., & Zoega, G. (1999). A mixed blessing: natural resources and economic growth. Macroeconomic dynamics. 3(2). 204-225.
Heine-Ellison, S. (2001). The impact and effectiveness of multilateral economic sanctions: A comparative study. The International Journal of Human Rights. 5(1). 81-112.
Hovi, J., Huseby, R., & Sprinz, D. F. (2005). When do (imposed) economic sanctions work?. World Politics. 57(4). 479-499.
Hufbauer, G. C., Schott, J. J., & Elliott, K. A. (1990). Economic sanctions reconsidered: History and current policy (Vol. 1). Peterson Institute.
Jalalinaeni, A. (2016, May 30). The secret to changing the relationship between inflation and liquidity. Donya-e-eqtesad. https://www.donya-e-eqtesad.com/fa/tiny/news-1054359.
Katzman, K. (2018). Iran Sanctions. CRS Report for Congress, Congressional Research Service. Washington DC.
Khademalizadeh, A., Amadeh, H., & Baghalian, M. (2015). The Impact of Economic Sanctions on Employment  in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Economic Strategy. 3(11). 79-104. [In Persian]
Khani gharieh gapi, N., Sahabi, B., Azizi, F., & Sabagh kermani, M. (2014). Identification of Stagflation Causes in Iran: A Threshold Error Correction Method. Quarterly Journal of Economic Modeling. 7(24). 19-35. [In Persian]
Komeyjani, A., Sobhanian, M., & Bayat, S. (2012). Asymmetric effects of oil income growth on inflation in Iran: VECM approach. Quarterly Journal of Economic Research. 12(45). 201-226. [In Persian]
Krugman, P. (1987). The narrow moving band, the Dutch disease, and the competitive consequences of Mrs. Thatcher: Notes on trade in the presence of dynamic scale economies. Journal of development Economics. 27(1-2). 41-55.
Lacy, D., & Niou, E. M. (2004). A theory of economic sanctions and issue linkage: The roles of preferences, information, and threats. The journal of Politics. 66(1). 25-42.
Lv, Z., & Xu, T. (2017). The effect of economic sanctions on ethnic violence of target states: A panel data analysis. The Social Science Journal. 54(1). 102-105.
Majidi, A. F., & Zarouni, Z. (2016). The Impact of Sanctions on the Economy of Iran. International Journal of Resistive Economics. 4(1). 84-99.
Matsuyama, K. (1992). Agricultural productivity, comparative advantage, and economic growth. Journal of economic theory. 58(2). 317-334.
Medlicott, W. N. (1952). The economic blockade (Vol. 2). HM Stationery Office.
Nademi, Y., & Hassanvand, D. (2019). Sanctions Intensity and Poverty in Iran: The Need to Lift Sanctions from the Perspective of Human Rights. Quarterly Journal of Strategic Studies Of Public Policy. 9(31). 153-171. [In Persian]
Nademi, Y., Jalili kamjoo, P., & Khochiany, R. (2018). Econometric Modeling the Impact of Sanctions on the Foreign Exchange Market and Its Transmission mechanism to macroeconomic variables Iran. Quarterly Journal of Econometric Modeling. 2(2). 61-87. [In Persian]
Nephew, R. (2017). The art of sanctions: A view from the field. Columbia University Press.
Neuenkirch, M., & Neumeier, F. (2016). The impact of US sanctions on poverty. Journal of Development Economics. 121. 110-119.
Neuenkirch, M., & Neumeier, F. (2015). The impact of UN and US economic sanctions on GDP growth. European Journal of Political Economy. 40. 110-125.
Okun, A. M. (1970). The Political Economy of Prosperity. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. INDE Aigner, SF Akerlof Ichiar Dene ambiec, Best, bilate Blac B Blue Boli COM COD CO.
Oxenstierna, S., & Olsson, P. (2015). The economic sanctions against Russia. Impact and Prospect of Success, FOI.
Pape, R. A. (1997). Why economic sanctions do not work. International security. 22(2). 90-136.
Peksen, D., & Son, B. (2015). Economic coercion and currency crises in target countries. Journal of Peace Research. 52(4). 448-462.
Peksen, D. (2009). Better or worse? The effect of economic sanctions on human rights. Journal of Peace Research. 46(1). 59-77.
Pourshahabi, F., & Dahmardeh, N. (2014). The Effects of Economic Sanctions and Speculative Attacks on Inflation. Iranian Economic Review. 18(3). 45-67.
Razin, O., & Collins, S. M. (1997). Real exchange rate misalignments and growth.
Sachs, J. D., & Warner, A. (1995). Natural resource abundance and economic growth.
Sadatakhavi, M., & Hosseini, SH. (2017). Assessing the Impact of Economic Sanctions on Inflation in Iran's Economy. Quarterly Journal of Applied Economics. 7(21). 30-50. [In Persian]
Sadeghi, A., & Tayebi, K. (2018). Effects of International Sanctions and Other Determinants on Iran’s Inflation Rate (1981-2014). Iranian Journal Of Economic Research. 23(74). 33-57. [In Persian]
Salehi-Isfahani, J. (2020). Iran under Sanctions: Impact of Sanctions on Household, Welfare and Employment. Johns   Hopkins: Washington, DC.
Shabsigh, M. G., & Domaç, I. (1999). Real exchange rate behavior and economic growth: Evidence from Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Tunisia. International Monetary Fund.
Torbat, A. E. (2005). Impacts of the US trade and financial sanctions on Iran. World Economy. 28(3). 407-434.
Tuzova, Y., & Qayum, F. (2016). Global oil glut and sanctions: The impact on Putin’s Russia. i. 90. 140-151.
Van Wijnbergen, S. (1984). TheDutch Disease': a disease after all?. The economic journal. 94(373). 41-55.
Wang, Y., Wang, K., & Chang, C. P. (2019). The impacts of economic sanctions on exchange rate volatility. Economic Modelling. 82. 58-65.
Yahia, A., & Saleh, A. (2008). Economic sanctions, oil price fluctuations and employment: new empirical evidence from Libya. American Journal Of Applied sciences. 5(12).1713-1719.
Yang, J., Askari, H., Forrer, J., & Zhu, L. (2009). How Do US Economic Sanctions Affect EU's Trade with Target Countries?. World Economy. 32(8). 1223-1244.