Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Professor, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Faculty Member at Monetary and Banking Research Institute

3 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

4 Ph.D. Candidate in Finance, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

 
The financial crisis of 2007-2009 led to the redoubled attention of international institutions to the issue of banking regulation. In this regard, the Basel Committee to exercise effective banking supervision reviewed and introduced new standards and requirements in the field of banking regulations, such as capital adequacy requirements, providing liquidity requirements, and leverage ratio. On the whole, studies show that capital ratios have significant and negative impacts on large European bank-retail-and-other-lending-growth in a context of deleveraging and “credit crunch” in Europe over the post-2008 financial crisis period. Additionally, liquidity indicators have positive but perverse effects on bank-lending growth, which supports the need to consider heterogeneous banks’ characteristics and behaviors when implementing new regulatory policies. In this article, by using the data of the Iranian banks during 2006-2018, the simultaneous effect of the new liquidity and capital regulations, inspired by the requirements of Basel Committee and based on the new instructions of the Central Bank, has been studied. In other words, the issue addressed in this paper is what conditions the simultaneous implementation of capital and liquidity requirements by banks will put them in. According to the results, liquidity requirements and capital requirements are complementary. Based on the results, the relationship between liquidity risk (Inverse of Net Stable Funding Ratio) and capital adequacy is positive. Therefore, with the increase of liquidity risk in banks, it will not be possible to establish capital requirements following the provisions of Basel III.

Keywords

خوشنود، زهرا و اسفندیاری، مرضیه. (۱۳۹۳). وام‌دهی بانکی و کفایت سرمایه: مقایسه بانک‌های دولتی و خصوصی در ایران، پژوهش‌های پولی - بانکی، 7 (20)، ۲۱۱-۲۳۵.
ذالبگی دارستانی، حسام. (1393). عوامل موثر بر ثبات در شبکه بانکی ایران. پژوهش‌های پولی و بانکی، 7 (20)، 307- 327.
رضایی، ابراهیم و جلیلی، زهرا. (13۹0). نگرشی بر تاثیر سیاست پولی از کانال اعتبارات سیستم بانکی در اقتصاد ایران، پژوهش‌های پولی - بانکی،  3 (7)، 169-202.
رنجی، فریبرز، قلی‌زاده، محمدحسن، رمضانپور، اسماعیل و موسوی‌نیا، سید مرتضی. (1396). تحلیل تاثیر ریسک اعتباری و ریسک نقدینگی بر ریسک درماندگی بانک های ایران. روند، 24 (78)،  74-47.
شاهچرا، مهشید و طاهری، ماندانا. (۱۳۹۶). خلق نقدینگی و الزامات نقدینگی بال ۳ در شبکه بانکی کشور. روند، 24 (77)، ۳۱ -۶۴.
شاهچرا، مهشید و طاهری، ماندانا. (۱۳۹۸). تاثیرات الزامات نقدینگی بر سیاست‌گذاری بانک مرکزی در بازار بین‌بانکی ایران. پژوهش‌های پولی و بانکی، 12 (39)، ۲۳ -۴۸.
شاهچرا، مهشید و طاهری، ماندانا. (۱۳۹۷). تاثیر استراتژی‌های تامین مالی پایدار بر حاشیه سود بانکی. پژوهش‌های اقتصادی ایران، 23 (75)، 136-103. doi: 10.22054/IJER.2018.9123
شاهچرا، مهشید و کشیشیان، لیان. (1393). اثرات هم زمان تمرکز بانکی و سیاست پولی بر کانال وام‌دهی بانک‌ها در نظام بانکداری ایران. پژوهش‌های پولی و بانکی، 7 (19)، 50-27.
عباسیان، عزت اله، شیرکوند، سعید، تهرانی، رضا و علیمردانی، الهام. (۱۳۹۸). تاثیر سرمایه‌گذاری بانک‌ها در وام‌دهی با توجه به نقش کفایت سرمایه. پژوهش‌های پولی و بانکی، 12 (41)، 523-550.
Abbasian, E., Shirkavand, S., Tehrani, R., & Alimardany, E. (2019). The Effect of Bank Investment on Lending. Does Capital-Adequacy Matter?. Journal of Monetary & Banking Research12(41), 523-550. [In Persian]
Adrian, T., & Shin, H. S. (2010). Liquidity and leverage. Journal of financial intermediation, 19(3), 418-437.
Alfaro, R., Franken, H., García, C., & Jara, A. (2003). Bank lending channel and the monetary transmission mechanism: the case of Chile (No. 223). Banco Central de Chile.
Allen, J., & Paligorova, T. (2015). Bank loans for private and public firms in a liquidity crunch. Journal of Financial Stability, 18, 106-116.
Alper, K., Hulagu, T., & Keles, G. (2012). An empirical study on liquidity and bank lending. Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey Working Paper, 4.
Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The review of economic studies, 58(2), 277-297.
Banerjee, R. N., & Mio, H. (2018). The impact of liquidity regulation on banks. Journal of Financial intermediation, 35, 30-44.
Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (1996). International measures of schooling years and schooling quality. The American Economic Review, 86(2), 218-223.
BCBS (2011). Basel III: A global regulatory framework for more resilient banks and banking system, June. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.
BCBS (2015). Making supervisory stress tests more macroprudential: Considering liquidity and solvency interactions and systemic risk. Working Paper ۲۹, Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.
BCBS (2016). Literature review on integration of regulatory capital and liquidity instruments. Working Paper 30, Basel: Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.
BCBS (2017). Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms, December. Basel Committee on Banking Supervision.
Beatty, A., & Liao, S. (2011). Do delays in expected loss recognition affect banks' willingness to lend?. Journal of accounting and economics, 52(1), 1-20.
Behn, M., Corrias, R., & Rola-Janicka, M. (2019). On the interaction between different bank liquidity requirements. Macroprudential Bulletin, 9.
Behn, M., Daminato, C., & Salleo, C. (2019). A dynamic model of bank behaviour under multiple regulatory constraints.
Berger, A. N., & Bouwman, C. H. (2009). Bank liquidity creation. The review of financial studies, 22(9), 3779-3837.
Berger, A. N., & Udell, G. E. (1994). Lines of credit and relationship lending in small firm finance. Levy Economics Institute. Economics Working Paper 113.
Bernanke, B. S., Lown, C. S., & Friedman, B. M. (1991). The credit crunch. Brookings papers on economic activity, 1991(2), 205-247.
Berrospide, J. M., & Edge, R. M. (2010). The effects of bank capital on lending: What do we know, and what does it mean?
Boissay, F., Collard, F., & Smets, F. (2016). Booms and banking crises. Journal of Political Economy124(2), 489-538.
Bonner, C. (2016). Preferential regulatory treatment and banks' demand for government bonds. Journal of Money, credit and banking, 48(6), 1195-1221.
Bonner, C., Wedow, M., Budnik, K., Koban, A., Kok, C., Laliotis, D., ... & Holtorf, C. (2018). Systemic liquidity concept, measurement and macroprudential instruments (No. 214). European Central Bank.
Borio, C. E., Farag, M., & Tarashev, N. A. (2020). Post-crisis international financial regulatory reforms: a primer.
Bridges, J., Gregory, D., Nielsen, M., Pezzini, S., Radia, A., & Spaltro, M. (2014). The impact of capital requirements on bank lending.
Brunnermeier, M. K., & Pedersen, L. H. (2009). Market liquidity and funding liquidity. The review of financial studies, 22(6), 2201-2238.
Carletti, E., Goldstein, I., & Leonello, A. (2020). The interdependence of bank capital and liquidity. BAFFI CAREFIN Centre Research Paper, (2020-128).
Casu, B., Girardone, C., & Molyneux, P. (2006). Introduction to banking (Vol. 10). Pearson education.
Cecchetti, S., & Kashyap, A. (2018). 12 what binds? interactions between bank capital and liquidity regulations. The changing fortunes of central banking, 192.
Cesaroni, T. (2015). Procyclicality of credit rating systems: how to manage it. Journal of Economics and Business, 82, 62-83.
Čihák, M. (2007). Systemic loss: A measure of financial stability. Czech Journal of Economics and Finance, 57(1-2), 5-26.
Čihák, M., & Hesse, H. (2008). Islamic banks and financial stability: An empirical analysis.
Commission (2014). Commission delegated regulation (EU) 2015/61 to supplement regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and the Council with regard to liquidity coverage requirement for credit institutions.
Cornett, M. M., McNutt, J. J., Strahan, P. E., & Tehranian, H. (2011). Liquidity risk management and credit supply in the financial crisis. Journal of financial economics, 101(2), 297-312.
Damar, H. E., Meh, C. A., & Terajima, Y. (2013). Leverage, balance-sheet size and wholesale funding. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 22(4), 639-662.
DeYoung, R., & Jang, K. Y. (2016). Do banks actively manage their liquidity?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 66, 143-161.
Distinguin, I., Roulet, C., & Tarazi, A. (2013). Bank regulatory capital and liquidity: Evidence from US and European publicly traded banks. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(9), 3295-3317.
Duijm, P., & Wierts, P. (2016). The effects of liquidity regulation on bank assets and liabilities. International Journal of Central Banking (IJCB).
Fama, E. F. (2013). Was There Ever a Lending Channel?. European Financial Management, 19(5), 837-851.
Gai, P., Kemp, M. H., Sánchez Serrano, A., & Schnabel, I. (2019). Regulatory complexity and the quest for robust regulation (No. 8). Reports of the Advisory Scientific Committee.
Gambacorta, L., & Mistrulli, P. E. (2004). Does bank capital affect lending behavior?. Journal of Financial intermediation, 13(4), 436-457.
Gambacorta, L., & Shin, H. S. (2018). Why bank capital matters for monetary policy. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 35, 17-29.
Gombola, M. J., Ho, A. Y. F., & Huang, C. C. (2016). The effect of leverage and liquidity on earnings and capital management: Evidence from US commercial banks. International Review of Economics & Finance43, 35-58.
Goodhart, C. (2008). Liquidity risk management. Banque de France Financial Stability Review, 11, 39-44.
Harzi, A. (2012). The Impact of Basel III on Islamic Banks: A Theoretical Study and Comparison with Conventional Banks. Chapters of books published by the Islamic Economics Institute, KAAU or its faculty members., 591-610.
Herfindal, O. C. (1959). A General Evaluation of Competition in the‎ Copper Industry,‎‏‏ Copper Costs and Prices. 1870-1957.
Horváth, R., Seidler, J., & Weill, L. (2014). Bank capital and liquidity creation: Granger-causality evidence. Journal of Financial Services Research45(3), 341-361.
Kashyap, A. K., & Stein, J. C. (2000). What do a million observations on banks say about the transmission of monetary policy?. American Economic Review, 90(3), 407-428.
Khoshnoud, Z., & Esfandiari, M. (2014). Bank Lending and Capital Adequacy: A Comparison between Public and Private Banks in Iran, Monetary and Banking Research, 7(20), 211-235. [In Persian]
Kishan, R. P., & Opiela, T. P. (2000). Bank size, bank capital, and the bank lending channel. Journal of Money, credit and banking, 121-141.
Kolcunová, D., & Malovana, S. (2019). The effect of higher capital requirements on bank lending: The capital surplus matters (No. 05/2019). IES Working Paper.
Košak, M., Li, S., Lončarski, I., & Marinč, M. (2015). Quality of bank capital and bank lending behavior during the global financial crisis. International review of financial analysis, 37, 168-183.
Malovaná, S. (2017). Banks’ capital surplus and the impact of additional capital requirements (No. 28/2017). IES Working Paper.
Mankiw, N. G., Romer, D., & Weil, D. N. (1992). A contribution to the empirics of economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 107(2), 407-437.
Matthews, K., & Thompson, J. (2005). the economics of bankig.
Mátyás, L., & Sevestre, P. (Eds.). (2013). The econometrics of panel data: handbook of theory and applications (Vol. 28). Springer Science & Business Media.
Naceur, S. B., & Kandil, M. (2009). The impact of capital requirements on banks’ cost of intermediation and performance: The case of Egypt. Journal of Economics and Business, 61(1), 70-89.
Naceur, S. B., & Kandil, M. (2009). The impact of capital requirements on banks’ cost of intermediation and performance: The case of Egypt. Journal of Economics and Business, 61(1), 70-89.
Puhr, C., & Schmitz, S. W. (2014). A view from the top: The interaction between solvency and liquidity stress. Journal of Risk Management in Financial Institutions, 7(1), 38-51.
Ranji, F., Gholizadeh, M, H., Ramezanpoor, E., & Mousavi Nia, S, M. (2017). The Analysis for Impacts of Credit Risk and Liquidity Risk on the Insolvency Risk of Banks in Iran, ravand, 24(78), 47-74 .[In Persian]
Rezaei, E., & Jalili, Z. (2011). The Credit Channel of Monetary Policy Transmission in the Iranian Economy, Monetary and Banking Research, 3(7), 169-202. [In Persian]
Roulet, C. (2018). Basel III: Effects of capital and liquidity regulations on European bank lending. Journal of Economics and Business, 95, 26-46.‏
Shahchera, M., & Keshishian, L. (2014). Simultaneous Effects of Bank Concentration and Monetary Policy on Bank Lending Channel in Iranian Banking System. Journal of Monetary & Banking Research7(19), 27-50. [In Persian]
Shahchera, M., & Taheri, M. (2017). Liquidity Creation and Liquidity Requirement of Basel III in the Iranian Banking System, ravand, 24(77), 31-64 .[In Persian]
Shahchera, M., & Taheri, M. (2018). The Effect of Stable Funding Strategy on Profitability in Iranian Banking System, Iranian Journal of Economic Research, 23(75), 103-136. https://doi:10.22054/IJER.2018.9123. [In Persian]
Shahchera, M., & Taheri, M. (2019). The Impact of Liquidity Requirements on Central Bank Policies in Interbank Market of Iran, Journal of Monetary & Banking Researches, 12(39), 23-48. [In Persian]
Syed, A. M., Diaw, A., & Kessentini, M. (2015). Liquidity Risk and Credit Supply during the Financial Crisis: The Case of German Banks.
ZalbgiDarestani, H. (2014). Main Determinants of Stability in Iran's Banking System, Monetary and Banking Research, 7(20), 307-327. [In Persian]