Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Ph.D in Economics, Faculty of Economics, Management and Accounting, Yazd University
2 Associate Professor, Faculty of Economics, Management and Accounting, Yazd University
3 Postdoctoral Researcher, Faculty of Economics, University of Tehran
Abstract
The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of "help" behavior on “individual incentive reversal”. In order to measure the variable “incentive reversal”, a dynamic game with complete information in the laboratory environment was held. The sample consists of 186 students from the universities of Yazd, Meybod and Mehriz, divided into 62 teams of three persons. Also, to measure the "help" variable, the players were asked after the game to voluntarily and secretly spend the proceeds of the game in a charity. In this framework, players could grant part of the proceeds from the game to either “treat cancer-illed children” or “advance research”. The results showed that teams with more volunteering players would see less incentive reversal among team members.
Keywords
امیری، میثم (1396)، «اقتصاد رفتاری و فرار مالیاتی»، پژوهشنامه اقتصادی، 17(64):
95-130.
95-130.
اکبری، محمد، محسن گل پرور و منوچهر کامکار (1387)، «رابطه اعتماد بین فردی، خودکارآمدی، پایبندی مذهبی و بخشش با باورهای دنیای عادلانه توزیعی و رویه‌ای»، دانش و پژوهش در روانشناسی کاربردی: 10 (35-36 ): 53 - 80 .
ایمانی‌فر، حمیدرضا، جمیله فاطمی و فاطمه امینی (1391)، «بخشش از دیدگاه روانشناسی و قرآن‌کریم»، انسان پژوهشی دینی، 9:(27)، 149-175.
بهرامیان، امید، شفیع بهرامیان و بیانه مام الهی (1394)، «بررسی پتانسیل عفو و بخشش در جامعه و تاثیر سرمایه اجتماعی بر آن»، فصلنامه مطالعات علوم اجتماعی ایران، 12(3): 46-69.
پوراسمعلی اصغر، منصور بیرامی و تورج هاشمی (1391)، «رابطه عامل های شخصیتی و زیرمولفه‌های بخشش در بین دانشجویان»، اندیشه و رفتار (روانشناسی کاربردی): 6 (23): 83-93 .
حافظی فریبا و فرحناز جامعی‌نژاد (1388)، «رابطه بین عشق، عاطفه مثبت، عاطفه منفی و سبک‌های دلبستگی با رضایت زناشویی در کارکنان شرکت ملی حفاری خوزستان»، یافته‌های نو در روان شناسی (روان شناسی اجتماعی): 4 (10): 41 -52 .
دانشگر مجید، (1390)، «عفو و بخشش از منظر روانشناسی و الاهیات مسیحی»، پژوهش‌های فلسفی کلامی، 13 (50): 107-116.
علامه، سید محسن و مهدی آقایی (1394)، «تحلیل تاثیر اخلاق اسلامی کار بر تنش شغلی و رضایت شغلی»، فصلنامه مدیریت اسلامی، 23(4)، 155-174.
ب- انگلیسی
Ancona, D. G., and Nadler, D. A. (1989), “Top Hats and Executive Tales: Designing the Senior Team”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 31(1), 19.
Bandura, A. (1991), “Social Cognitive Theory of Self-regulation”, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 248-287.
Batson, C. D. (1990), “How Social an Animal? The Human Capacity for Caring”, American Psychologist, 45(3), 336.
Bommer, W. H., Dierdorff, E. C., and Rubin, R. S. (2007), “Does Prevalence Mitigate Relevance? The Moderating Effect of Group-level OCB on Employee Performance”, Academy of management journal, 50(6), 1481-1494.
Brewer, M. B., and Brown, R. J. (1998), Intergroup Relations, The Handbook of Social Psychology.
Campion, M. A., Medsker, G. J., and Higgs, A. C. (1993), “Relations between work Group Characteristics and Effectiveness: Implications for Designing Effective Work Groups”, Personnel psychology, 46(4), 823-847.
Choi, J. N. (2009), “Collective Dynamics of Citizenship Behaviour: What Group Characteristics Promote Group‐Level Helping?”, Journal of Management Studies, 46(8), 1396-1420.
Cialdini, R. B., Schaller, M., Houlihan, D., Arps, K., Fultz, J., and Beaman, A. L. (1987), “Empathy-based Helping: Is it Selflessly or Selfishly Motivated?”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(4), 749.
Cohen, S. G. (1993), Designing Effective Self-managing Work Teams, Center for Effective Organizations, School of Business Administration, University of Southern California.
Collins, C. J., and Smith, K. G. (2006), “Knowledge Exchange and Combination: The Role of Human Resource Practices in the Performance of High-technology Firms”, Academy of management journal, 49(3), 544-560.
De Jong, J. P., and Den Hartog, D. N. (2007), “How Leaders Influence Employees' Innovative Behaviour”, European Journal of innovation management, 10(1), 41-64.
Dijk, O., and Holmén, M. (2017), “Charity, Incentives, and Performance”, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 66, 119-128.
Dovidio, J. F., Allen, J. L., and Schroeder, D. A. (1990), “Specificity of Empathy-induced Helping: Evidence for Altruistic Motivation”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(2), 249.
Eagly, A. H., & Crowley, M. (1986), “Gender and helping behavior: A meta-analytic review of the Social psychological literature”, Psychological bulletin, 100(3), 283.
Ehrhart, M. G. (2004), “Leadership and Procedural Justice Climate as Antecedents of Unit‐level Organizational Citizenship Behavior”, Personnel psychology, 57(1), 61-94.
Estrada, P. (1995), “Adolescents' Self-report of ProSocial Responses to Friends and Acquaintances: The Role of Sympathy-related Cognitive, Affective, and Motivational Processes”, Journal of research on adolescence, 5(2), 173-200.
Etzioni, A. (1988), Towards a new Economics, The moral dimension.
Farh, J. L., Earley, P. C., and Lin, S. C. (1997), “Impetus for Action: A Cultural Analysis of Justice and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in Chinese Society”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 421-444.
Farh, J. L., Zhong, C. B., and Organ, D. W. (2004), “Organizational Citizenship Behavior in the People's Republic of China”, Organization Science, 15(2), 241-253.
Ferrin, D. L., Bligh, M. C., and Kohles, J. C. (2007), “Can I Trust you to Trust me? A Theory of Trust, Monitoring, and Cooperation in Interpersonal and Intergroup Relationships”, Group & Organization Management, 32(4), 465-499.
Fornell, C., and Larcker, D. F. (1981), “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”, Journal of marketing research, 39-50.
Gershkov, A., Li, J., and Schweinzer, P. (2016), “How to Share it out: The Value of IInformation in Teams”, Journal of Economic Theory, 162, 261-304.
Goldberg, L. R. (1999), “A Broad-bandwidth, Public Domain, Personality Inventory Measuring the Lower-level Facets of Several Five-factor Models”, Personality psychology in Europe, 7(1), 7-28.
Hogg, M. A., and Terry, D. I. (2000), “Social Identity and Self-categorization Processes in Organizational Contexts”, Academy of management review, 25(1), 121-140.
Holmstrom, B. (1982), “Moral Hazard in Teams”, The Bell Journal of Economics, 324-340.
Kacmar, K. M., Carlson, D. S., and Harris, K. J. (2013), “Interactive Effect of Leaders’ Influence Tactics and Ethical Leadership on work Effort and Helping Behavior”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 153(5), 577-597.
Klor, E. F., Kube, S., and Winter, E. (2014), “Can Higher Rewards Lead to Less Effort? Incentive Reversal in Teams”, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 97, 72-83.
Kozlowski, S. W. J., and Bell, B. S. (2003), Work Groups and Teams in Organizations. In C.Walter,W. C. Borman, D. L. Ilgen, & R. J. Klimoski (Eds.), Handbook of Psychology (Vol. 12, pp. 333–375), Industrial and Organizational Psychology. John Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.
Kuehn, Kermit W., and Yousuf Al-Busaidi,(2002) “A Comparison of Organizational Commitment between National and Expatriate Employees in Public and Private Sector Organizations”, Journal of International Business Research 1, no. 1 (2002): 21-34.
Liang, H. Y., Shih, H. A., and Chiang, Y. H. (2015), “Team Diversity and Team Helping Behavior: The Mediating Roles of Team Cooperation and Team Cohesion”, European Management Journal, 33(1), 48-59.
Liao, H., Chuang, A., & Joshi, A. (2008), Perceived deep-level dissimilarity: Personality Antecedents and Impact on Overall Job Attitude, Helping, Work Withdrawal, and Turnover. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 106(2), 106-124.
Lovelace, K., Shapiro, D. L., & Weingart, L. R. (2001), Maximizing Cross-functional new Product Teams' Innovativeness and Constraint Adherence: A Conflict Communications Perspective. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 779-793.
Marks, M. A., Mathieu, J. E., & Zaccaro, S. J. (2001), A Temporally based Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes. Academy of Management Review, 26(3), 356-376.
Mastromatteo, G., & Russo, F. F. (2017), Inequality and Charity. World Development, 96, 136-144.
Meyer, J. P., & Parfyonova, N. M. (2010), Normative Commitment in the Workplace: A Theoretical Analysis and Re-conceptualization. Human Resource Management Review, 20(4), 283-294.
Moss, E., Rousseau, D., Parent, S., St‐Laurent, D., & Saintonge, J. (1998), Correlates of Attachment at School Age: Maternal Reported Stress, Mother‐child Interaction, and Behavior Problems. Child development, 69(5), 1390-1405.
Mossholder, K. W., Richardson, H. A., & Settoon, R. P. (2011), Human Resource Systems and Helping in Organizations: A Relational Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 33.
Mossholder, K. W., Richardson, H. A., & Settoon, R. P. (2011), Human Resource Systems and Helping in Organizations: A Relational Perspective. Academy of Management Review, 36(1), 33-52.
Murnighan, J. K., & Conlon, D. E. (1991), The Dynamics of Intense work Groups: A Study of British String Quartets. Administrative Science Quarterly, 165-186.
Nemeth, C. J., & Staw, B. M. (1989), The Tradeoffs of Social Control and Innovation in Groups and Organizations. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 22, 175-210.
Ninaroon, P., & Ananmana, K. Team. (2017), Characteristics Affecting to Team Performance. IJCTA, 10(03), pp. 283-288.
Organ, D. W. (1988), A Restatement of the Satisfaction-performance Hypothesis. Journal of Management, 14(4), 547-557.
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. B. (2006) Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Its Nature, Antecedents, and Consequences. Sage, Thousand Oaks, CA.
Paciello, M., Fida, R., Cerniglia, L., Tramontano, C., & Cole, E. (2013), High Cost Helping Scenario: The Role of Empathy, ProSocial Reasoning and Moral Disengagement on Helping Behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(1), 3-7.
Paciello, M., Fida, R., Cerniglia, L., Tramontano, C., & Cole, E. (2013), High Cost Helping Scenario: The Role of Empathy, ProSocial Reasoning and Moral Disengagement on Helping Behavior. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(1), 3-7.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003), Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000), Organizational Citizenship Behaviors: A Critical Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature and Suggestions for Future Research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513-563.
Prendergast, C. (1999), The Provision of Incentives in Firms. Journal of Economic Literature, 37(1), 7-63.
Randall, J. G., Zimmer, C. U., O’Brien, K. R., Trump-Steele, R. C., Villado, A. J., & Hebl, M. R. (2017), Weight Discrimination in Helping Behavior. Revue Européenne de Psychologie Appliquée/European Review of Applied Psychology, 67(3), 125-137.
Sadrieh, A., & Schröder, M. (2017), Acts of Helping and Harming. Economics Letters, 153, 77-79.
Schaubroeck, J., & Lam, S. S. (2002), How Similarity to Peers and Supervisor Influences Organizational Advancement in Different Cultures. Academy of Management Journal, 45(6), 1120-1136.
Schlosser, A. E., & Levy, E. (2016), Helping Others or Oneself: How Direction of Comparison Affects ProSocial Behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 4(26), 461-473.
Schnake, M. E., & Dumler, M. P. (2003), Levels of Measurement and Analysis Issues in Organizational Citizenship Behaviour Research. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(3), 283-301.
Sirola, N., & Pitesa, M. (2017), Economic Downturns Undermine Workplace Helping by Promoting a Zero-sum Construal of Success. Academy of Management Journal, 60(4), 1339-1359.
Smirnov, V., & Wait, A. (2015), Innovation in a Generalized Timing Game. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 42, 23-33.
Sparrowe, R. T., Soetjipto, B. W., & Kraimer, M. L. (2006), Do Leaders' Influence Tactics Relate to Members' Helping Behavior? It Depends on the Quality of the Relationship. Academy of Management Journal, 49(6), 1194-1208.
Spinrad, T. L., Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Fabes, R. A., Valiente, C., Shepard, S. A., ... & Guthrie, I. K. (2006), Relation of Emotion-related Regulation to Children's Social Competence: A Longitudinal Study. Emotion, 6(3), 498.
Strahilevitz, M. (1999), The Effects of Product Type and Donation Magnitude on Willingness to Pay More for a Charity-linked Brand. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 8(3), 215-241.
Stürmer, S., Snyder, M., & Omoto, A. M. (2005), ProSocial Emotions and Helping: the Moderating Role of Group Membership. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88(3), 532.
Turiel, E. (2006), Thought, Emotions, and Social Interactional Processes in Moral Development. Handbook of Moral Development, 2.
Urbonavičius, S., & Adomavičiūtė, K. (2015), Effect of Moral Identity on Consumer Choice of Buying Cause-related Products Versus Donating for Charity. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 213, 622-627.
Van Dijk, H., Van Engen, M. L., & Van Knippenberg, D. (2012), Defying Conventional Wisdom: A Meta-analytical Examination of the Differences Between Demographic and Job-related Diversity Relationships with Performance. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 119(1), 38-53.
Van Dyne, L., & LePine, J. A. (1998), Helping and Voice Extra-role Behaviors: Evidence of Construct and Predictive Validity. Academy of Management Journal, 41(1), 108-119.
Van Knippenberg, D., & Schippers, M. C. (2007), Work Group Diversity. Annu. Rev. Psychol., 58, 515-541.
Vinzi, V. E., Chin, W. W., Henseler, J., & Wang, H. (Eds.), (2010), Handbook of Partial Least Squares: Concepts, Methods and Applications. Springer Science & Business Media.
Winter, E. (2009), Incentive Reversal. American Economic Journal: Microeconomics, 1(2), 133-147.
Zhang, L., Xia, Y., & Han, L. (2017), Why don’t I Help You? The Relationship of Role Stressors and Helping Behavior from the Cognitive Dissonance Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 2220.
)