anahita roozitalab; esmaiel abounoori
Abstract
Education, as a key indicator of human development, plays a decisive role in reducing social and economic inequalities. Unequal access to education exacerbates income disparities. The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of different educational levels on income distribution inequality ...
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Education, as a key indicator of human development, plays a decisive role in reducing social and economic inequalities. Unequal access to education exacerbates income disparities. The primary objective of this research is to examine the impact of different educational levels on income distribution inequality in Iran, using data from the Household Expenditure (Income) Survey (HIES) from 1984 to 2023. In this study, households were categorized based on the educational attainment of the head of the household. Subsequently, the Gini coefficient of income was calculated separately for each educational level. The effect of educational inequality (measured as the standard deviation of educational expenditures) on income inequality within each educational category was examined using an econometric panel ARDL model. Control variables, including mean household expenditures and the unemployment rate within each educational group, were also incorporated. The results indicate that inequality in access to education, as well as the unemployment rate, both significantly and positively intensify income inequality. Conversely, the mean household expenditure within each educational period had a significant mitigating effect on income inequality. Furthermore, the findings reveal that educational inequality in Iran has followed an increasing trend over time, reaching its highest level in recent years. Based on the results of this study, it is recommended that the government adopt appropriate policies to reduce educational inequality and enhance access to higher education for all members of society, particularly low-income groups.
Behnaz Gorgich Moghaddam; Marzieh Esfandiari; Reza Ashraf Ganjoui
Abstract
In recent years, the Iranian economy has been subject to severe fluctuations in macroeconomic indicators such as inflation rate, exchange rate, and economic growth. Since consumption is one of the main components of aggregate consumption and a driver of economic growth, we understand how households respond ...
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In recent years, the Iranian economy has been subject to severe fluctuations in macroeconomic indicators such as inflation rate, exchange rate, and economic growth. Since consumption is one of the main components of aggregate consumption and a driver of economic growth, we understand how households respond to economic uncertainties. By investigating uncertainty in macroeconomic changes, the present study attempts to fill the gap in Iranian economic literature and provide a more accurate insight into economic decision-making for designing supportive policies in conditions of economic instability. This study aims to investigate the effect of macroeconomic uncertainties, including inflation rate, unemployment rate, on household consumption in Iranian provinces. In macroeconomic theories and macroeconomic theories and consumption theories, economic uncertainty can cause consumers to reduce their consumption in the market and reduce their spending or pay for luxury purchases instead, because individuals can preserve their financial resources to deal with future risks. The research method is descriptive-analytical and panels related to the provinces of Iran were used in the period 1395 to 1401. Econometric modeling was carried out using a dynamic model based on the generalized method of moments (GMM). For this purpose, macro uncertainties including inflation and unemployment were first extracted by using the GARCH model. The research findings show that a non-significant increase in the inflation rate does not affect household consumption and has more impact than shocks. However, global economic policy uncertainty and unemployment rate uncertainty have an impact on household consumption patterns.
Nadia Mirzababazadeh; Somayeh Shahhosseini@atu.ac.ir; ُSamaneh noraniazad@pnu.ac.ir
Abstract
Export plays a vital role in developing countries, and diversification in industrial exports can foster sustainable growth by enhancing productivity, attracting investment, stabilizing foreign exchange earnings, and reducing reliance on natural resources. A key approach to promoting and diversifying ...
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Export plays a vital role in developing countries, and diversification in industrial exports can foster sustainable growth by enhancing productivity, attracting investment, stabilizing foreign exchange earnings, and reducing reliance on natural resources. A key approach to promoting and diversifying exports, especially in developing economies, is through the import of intermediate and capital goods. Accordingly, this study examines the impact of intermediate and capital goods imports, along with other relevant factors, on the diversification of Iran's manufacturing exports using 2-digit ISIC (Rev. 4) data and a panel data model spanning the period from 2006 to 2021. Empirical findings reveal that both intermediate and capital goods imports have a positive and significant impact on export diversification. Specifically, a 1 percent increase in capital goods imports raises export diversification by 0.01 percentage points, while a 1 percent increase in intermediate goods imports increases it by 0.036 percentage points. Further analysis indicates that the effects vary across industrial sub-sectors: the manufacturing of food products and beverages shows the highest impact, whereas industries producing tobacco products, medicines, and chemical and herbal pharmaceuticals exhibit no significant effect. Therefore, trade and industrial policies should prioritize facilitating the targeted import of intermediate and capital goods in sectors where these inputs significantly enhance export diversification. Such policies can promote technology transfer, improve productivity, and support sustained export diversification. Additionally, policy interventions and incentives should be sector-specific and aligned with the structural characteristics of each industry to ensure efficient resource allocation and avoid potential distortions.
Tahereh Ashtiani; Akbar Pourfaraj; Esmail Ghaderi; Zohre Dehdashtishahrokh
Abstract
Research conducted in the field of export performance and variables affecting it indicates importance of this issue for researchers, managers, and policymakers. The purpose of this research is to explain six variables (environment, competitive advantage, export strategies, market orientation, innovation, ...
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Research conducted in the field of export performance and variables affecting it indicates importance of this issue for researchers, managers, and policymakers. The purpose of this research is to explain six variables (environment, competitive advantage, export strategies, market orientation, innovation, and export commitment) affecting export performance in Iran. In this research, a meta-analysis approach has been used to achieve a more comprehensive understanding of the factors affecting export performance. This research is a documentary research type and its statistical population consists of research conducted in the field of export performance inside and outside the country. By searching various domestic and foreign databases and filtering the articles, finally 40 articles were entered into meta-analysis process and effect size of each variable was calculated in the CMA2 software. According to results obtained, environment with an effect size of 0.556, competitive advantage with an effect size of 0.397, export strategies with an effect size of 0.422, market orientation with an effect size of 0.765, innovation with an effect size of 0.576 and export commitment with an effect size of 0.310 have an effect on export performance.
Esfandiar Jahangard; Alireza JAHANGARD
Abstract
The aim of this article is to decompose the value-added of Iran’s gross exports in relation to different groups of major countries worldwide. For this purpose, four different methods have been used: the methods of Koopman et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2013), Miroudot and Ye (2021), and Borin and ...
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The aim of this article is to decompose the value-added of Iran’s gross exports in relation to different groups of major countries worldwide. For this purpose, four different methods have been used: the methods of Koopman et al. (2014), Wang et al. (2013), Miroudot and Ye (2021), and Borin and Mancini (2023). Applying these various methods to decompose the value-added of Iran’s gross exports leads to different results, especially concerning the issue of “double counting” in Iran’s economy. Therefore, this article focuses on the source-based decomposition method and the exporter-country perspective, as proposed by Borin and Mancini (2023), and draws on the empirical studies of Borin and Mancini (2023) and Feás (2023).The main findings of this article can be summarized in four areas:First, providing a brief review of the calculations using different methods for decomposing the value-added of Iran’s gross exports;Second, using the multi-country input-output database for the year 2016, with a focus on Iran as empirical documentation;Third, emphasizing the theoretical framework of Borin and Mancini (2023) among the proposed theoretical frameworks, using a source-based approach and the exporter-country perspective;And finally, fourth, offering recommendations to policymakers for adopting strategies that increase domestic value-added, reduce vulnerability to external shocks, and promote sustainable economic growth.The results show that Iran has a very weak role in global value chains.
Ali Hasanvand; Bahar Salarvand
Abstract
The path toward sustainable development in emerging economies is challenged by the complex trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection. This study empirically examines the determinants of environmental degradation in eleven N11 countries over the period 2000–2022. Ecological ...
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The path toward sustainable development in emerging economies is challenged by the complex trade-off between economic growth and environmental protection. This study empirically examines the determinants of environmental degradation in eleven N11 countries over the period 2000–2022. Ecological footprint is employed as a comprehensive measure of environmental degradation, while the effects of economic growth, globalization, and natural resource rents are investigated. To ensure robust results, two advanced econometric techniques are applied: the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MMQR), which captures heterogeneous impacts across the distribution of ecological footprint, and the Driscoll–Kraay standard error panel estimator, which corrects for cross-sectional dependence and other panel data issues. The findings strongly confirm the presence of an N-shaped Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) in N11 countries, implying that after an initial improvement, higher levels of income are again associated with increasing environmental pressure. Moreover, natural resource rents are found to significantly exacerbate the ecological footprint, supporting the resource curse hypothesis in its environmental dimension. In contrast, globalization exerts a significant negative effect on environmental degradation, highlighting its role in facilitating the transfer of cleaner technologies and environmental standards. These results carry important policy implications. Policymakers in N11 countries should not rely on the automatic environmental benefits of growth but must implement stringent environmental regulations consistently. Economic diversification and reducing dependence on resource-based revenues, alongside leveraging globalization to attract green investment and technology, are crucial for achieving sustainability. Overall, the study underscores the necessity of an integrated approach that aligns economic growth with environmental sustainability
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