mohammad bagher beheshti; Parviz Mohammadzadeh; azra jamshidi
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamics of income distribution and to find evidence of convergence or divergence in per capita income in Iranian provinces by using newly developed methods for Exploratory Space–Time Data Analysis (ESTDA). In order to achieve this goal, per ...
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The main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamics of income distribution and to find evidence of convergence or divergence in per capita income in Iranian provinces by using newly developed methods for Exploratory Space–Time Data Analysis (ESTDA). In order to achieve this goal, per capita income data were collected for the period from 1997 to 2014. Then, using the markov chain and the spatial markov chain, the transition probability matrix is estimated at different time periods. The results show that in an 18-year period in Iranian economy, there was a very small possibility that poor provinces (in terms of per capita income) could increase their per capita income. Also, the values of asymptotic distribution show very weak tendency to divergence in per capita income of Iranian provinces during period 1997 to 2000. According to the high probability of 77% for staying at each level of per capita income, one can claim that there is no strong evidence of convergence or divergence in the distribution of per capita income between provinces of Iran. Also, the estimation results of the spatial transition probability matrix show that the moves between income classes for each province depends on the performance and status of neighboring provinces.
Hojjatollah Mirzayi; Ali Asghar Banou'i
Volume 15, Issue 58 , October 2015, , Pages 84-110
Abstract
The role and importance of knowledge in economic growth has been considered since the second half of the twentieth century. As of 1980s, knowledge entered the production function as an endogenous and determining variable. By the time that knowledge, innovation and new technologies became of value; broad ...
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The role and importance of knowledge in economic growth has been considered since the second half of the twentieth century. As of 1980s, knowledge entered the production function as an endogenous and determining variable. By the time that knowledge, innovation and new technologies became of value; broad studies were carried out in order to investigate the role and impact of these variables on economic growth, both at national and regional (regions within the national borders) levels. Economic researchers have tried to explain the disparities in economic growth of regions according to the differences in knowledge share and innovation. Through the production and publication of financial accounts of provinces in Iran since 1990, the pathway for such studies has been smoothed and the ground has been prepared for investigating the role and impact of knowledge and innovation on economic growth of different provinces and their diversity in economic growth. In the present article, the effects of knowledge variables (including specialized labor, R&D employees and value-added of high-tech sectors) have been surveyed alongside with two traditional variables of labor and capital on economic growth of Iran provinces during years 1990-2011 and the economic growth model has been estimated through this approach. The results of model estimation using stochastic effects method reveal that specialized labor growth rate has the highest effect on economic growth of provinces, by a coefficient equal to 2.05. The growth rates of capital per capita, and high-tech and intermediate-tech industries (per employee) have the coefficients of 0.89 and 0.19, respectively.
Nahid Pour-Rostami
Volume 15, Issue 57 , July 2015, , Pages 39-74
Abstract
The spread of high economic growth among East Asian countries in the last three decades resulted in increasing attention regarding these countries’ development models. The present study attempts to investigate the process of integration among 15 countries in East Asia and to identify factors influencing ...
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The spread of high economic growth among East Asian countries in the last three decades resulted in increasing attention regarding these countries’ development models. The present study attempts to investigate the process of integration among 15 countries in East Asia and to identify factors influencing the convergence of these countries during the years 1980 to 2012. The results show that the hypothesis of absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence are confirmed in the region. Examining the convergence toward the average reginal GDP per capita shows that the absolute beta convergence and sigma convergence are not confirmed for Japan. Meanwhile, conditional convergence is shown for Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, while absolute convergence is confirmed for Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. These results indicate a significant difference between the three countries of Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, regarding GDP per capita compared with the average GDP per capita in the region. Due to Japan's position as a leading economy in the region, we investigate these countries’ convergence with Japan. The results show that all countries (except Macau, Brunei and Mongolia) have convergence with Japan. Asian international input-output tables depict a highly deepening and widening interdependency among manufacturing sector in East Asian countries during the years 1985-2005. Their interdependency which can be explained by "Flying Geese Pattern of Development" started with the acceptance of Plaza Accord in 1985 and the drastic wage increase in Japan in the early 1980s. Because of this interdependency, in the second part of this study we investigate the relationship between total export and bilateral export by using extended gravity model during the years 1988-2012. The results confirmed a significant positive relationship between bilateral exports and some of the model’s variables such as GDP and total relative exports of countries in the sample.
Alireza Shakibaei; Zahra Kamal-e-Dini; Fatemeh Taleghani; Mohammadreza Ahmadi-Nejad
Volume 15, Issue 57 , July 2015, , Pages 109-140
Abstract
Regional inequalities have always been one of the concerns of the government planners and they have attempted to recognize these inequalities and devise particular policies to curb them. The motivation to work on this domain has led to the development of different indices and techniques to measure regional ...
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Regional inequalities have always been one of the concerns of the government planners and they have attempted to recognize these inequalities and devise particular policies to curb them. The motivation to work on this domain has led to the development of different indices and techniques to measure regional inequalities. β-convergence examination is one of the aforementioned methods of measuring income distribution. An important point is that, urbanization trend cannot be examined apart from economic variables either in Iran or in other countries of the world and economic variables such as households’ income are expected to be affected by the degree of urbanization. Consistent with this reasoning, we can say that urbanization is one of the effective factors on income distribution; therefore, the present paper is focused on the examination of urbanization effects upon convergence rate of income distribution between urban and rural areas in 25 selected provinces of Iran during the time period of 2001-2011 using general spatial econometric model and ordinary least squares (OSL) method. The findings indicated the existence of income distribution convergence among the examined provinces during the above-mentioned period. Moreover, during this period and following the increasing degree of urbanization, the conditional convergence rate for decreasing the gap between current income of urban and rural and its steady state equilibrium is increased as compared with the absolute convergence rate.
