Mohammad Reza Zare Chamazakhti; Zahra Karimi Moughari; Shahryar Zaroki
Abstract
According to principles 29, 31, and 43 of the Constitution of Iran, one of the goals of the Islamic Republic is to deal with poverty and economic and social inequality in the country, and for this purpose, two strategies have been followed in parallel after the revolution. One of these strategies ...
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According to principles 29, 31, and 43 of the Constitution of Iran, one of the goals of the Islamic Republic is to deal with poverty and economic and social inequality in the country, and for this purpose, two strategies have been followed in parallel after the revolution. One of these strategies was the extension and side assistance of the government to fight against poverty and deprivation. In this context, the government implemented policies and plans in the form of economic and social development plans. Therefore, according to this necessity, the aim of the current research is to investigate the impact of economic growth on poverty: comparative studies of the first and third development plans. The results of the estimation of the research model based on the autoregression method with distributed lag indicate that economic growth (from 1978 to 2021) has a positive and significant effect on poverty in the long term, while economic growth (the first and third development plans) and oil rents have a negative and significant effect on poverty, and social security expenses have no effect on poverty in the long term. Therefore, it can be said that economic growth alone is not enough to deal with poverty, but along with the dynamic growth process, improved infrastructure for society (including the poor) and institutional reforms should be implemented in parallel.
Soheila Parvin; Abass Shakeri; Samaneh Naseri
Abstract
Economic sanctions are a low-cost tool that replaces military action with a high economic, political and human cost. The severity of the effects of sanctions depends on the degree of dependence of the target economy on the outside world, the cooperation of the international community with the ones ...
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Economic sanctions are a low-cost tool that replaces military action with a high economic, political and human cost. The severity of the effects of sanctions depends on the degree of dependence of the target economy on the outside world, the cooperation of the international community with the ones imposing sanctions, and the potential ability to substitute domestic production with imports. If domestic supply is sufficiently resilient, sanctions act, such as an import substitution policy, can lead to higher growth and more employment. Otherwise, sanctions will act as a lack of domestic supply. This study evaluates the welfare effects of sanctions on basic items - whose rising prices affect living standards. We use a multiple choice model and logit function, the income and cost effects of sanctions as well as the impact of exchange rate changes on the price of basic goods on the welfare standard and the probability of households joining the poor group are considered. The results show that, due to the inelastic domestic supply, the possibility of substituting imports is limited, so the cost effects are dominant for the year 2019, in the effective exchange rate scenario, poverty growth is estimated at %2.2 (about 1828 thousand people, and in the official exchange rate scenario, poverty growth is 3.1 percent (and about 2575 thousand People have joined the poor group).
Seyed Masih Molana; Abbass Najafizadeh; Ahmad Sarlak; Gholam Ali Haji
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of financial development on poverty in Iran. In this study, we used the indicators of the stock market and the money market to examine the effect of financial development on poverty. In order to test the relationship between variables, a smoothing transmission ...
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The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of financial development on poverty in Iran. In this study, we used the indicators of the stock market and the money market to examine the effect of financial development on poverty. In order to test the relationship between variables, a smoothing transmission regression model was used for the period 1989-2016 The results of the model estimation, while confirming the nonlinear impact of financial development on poverty, indicate that Financial development indicators affect the poverty of Iran in the form of a dual regime. So that in the domains of economic growth less and more than 2. 9 percent the impact of financial development indicators on poverty is different and significant. The results indicate that the financial development variable in the banking sector has a negative and significant effect on poverty. In other words, an improvement in the financial development situation in the banking sector has led to a reduction in poverty in the community, But financial development in the capital market has had fewer effects on poverty reduction than financial development in the monetary sector.
Mohamad Javad Mohaghegh Nia; Ali Akbari Bavafa Gelyan
Abstract
Microfinance programs emerged in mid 1980s. So, microfinance can be labeled as a new phenomenon. The reason for emergence and rapid development of microfinance programs can be weakness of former development strategies, especially those of financial development. In this research by using a three-dimension ...
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Microfinance programs emerged in mid 1980s. So, microfinance can be labeled as a new phenomenon. The reason for emergence and rapid development of microfinance programs can be weakness of former development strategies, especially those of financial development. In this research by using a three-dimension Delphi query, the important factors affecting microfinance at Iran have been explored. In the resources side, deposits are composed of Qard al-Hasan, donation, subrogation and saving. In the uses side, the loans are divided into consumption (general consumptions and emergencies) and investing purposes. The institutions active in microfinance are divided into two groups of banks (commercial banks and financial holdings) and financial institutions (for profit and non-profit). The group lending and solidarity responsibility were underlined at legal-jurisprudence. At the application aspects, emphasis on usage of electronic systems and separate report of loans by their types and contracts is noticeable.
Samaneh Ebrahim Pour; Zahra Mila elmi
Volume 13, Issue 49 , July 2013, , Pages 101-116
Abstract
The task of determining the factors affecting poverty is the first step in combating it and making an appropriate program to alleviate it. In this study, effective factors are identified by using micro-data from Household Income-Expenditure Survey of Urban Households in 2009 and applying an econometric ...
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The task of determining the factors affecting poverty is the first step in combating it and making an appropriate program to alleviate it. In this study, effective factors are identified by using micro-data from Household Income-Expenditure Survey of Urban Households in 2009 and applying an econometric model. In this article, panel data models with limited dependent variable is used. It is the choice of limited dependent variable that makes this study different from other papers that have studied the problem of poverty in Iran. So, after clustering data and calculating poverty line, a panel data with logit model, which is based on socio-economic characteristics, is estimated with maximum likelihood approach. The results show that among factors affecting poverty, the ratios of number of literate members and working members to the household dimention have the most significant effect on decreasing the probability of facing poverty. On the other hand, household size has the most significant effect on increasing the probability of facing poverty. Moreover Gender of the household head has a significant effect on the probability of facing poverty. Coefficient of this variable shows that the probability of facing poverty is reduced if the household head is male compared with the situation that the head of household is female.
Majid Maddah
Volume 11, Issue 42 , October 2011, , Pages 303-323
Abstract
Economic and Socail unsuitable effects of crime have increased researches related to
understanding of effective factors on growth of crime in recent years. In this paper, on
theoretical and empirical basis of crime,The relationship between crime and total crimes are
investigated ...
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Economic and Socail unsuitable effects of crime have increased researches related to
understanding of effective factors on growth of crime in recent years. In this paper, on
theoretical and empirical basis of crime,The relationship between crime and total crimes are
investigated by specification of two models about vehicle larceny and total larceny. Models
of panel data for country!s provinces in (1382-1385) are estimated. Results show strong and
significant relationship between income inequality and poverty with crime in two model
,increasing of inequality and poverty increase the rate of crime about vehicle larceny and
total larceny during the period (1382-1385). Also, positive and significant effect of people
aged (15-24) on crime confirm in two model and population density on crime confirm in
vehicle Larceny model.
Ali Hassanzadeh; Masoud Foz Moslemian
Volume 10, Issue 36 , April 2010, , Pages 223-254
Abstract
In the new international trade processes and the recent labor force flow, the globalization and merging economy are inevitable. Globalization has various aspects which affect the countries in several different ways. There are some acceptable ideas which prove that the globalization can lead to ...
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In the new international trade processes and the recent labor force flow, the globalization and merging economy are inevitable. Globalization has various aspects which affect the countries in several different ways. There are some acceptable ideas which prove that the globalization can lead to the economic stabilities in the developing countries and finally it would be favorable toeconomic welfare. On the other hand, one of the key points made by critics of recent economic globalization is that income inequality is increasing as a result of these processes.
In this article firstly we explain these two different points of view about the globalization and secondly we use the imperial pattern and also the econometrics models (panel data) to analyze the impact of the globalization on the poverty, in 15 selected developing countries.
The results suggest that, in the short run, because of the economic reforms and stabilization programs, unemployment and poverty increase. Furthermore in globalization, due to the negligence of the vulnerable classes of people in society and absence of an efficient planning system there will be a political costs which can accelerate the negative effects of this process.
Farhad Khodadad Kashi; Khalil Heydari
Volume 9, Issue 34 , October 2009, , Pages 205-231
Abstract
Poverty is a worldwide phenomenon which both developed and developing countries are entangled with. Poverty alleviation is now considered as a goal by governments and international institutions. The emphasis is very much on poverty reduction by Iran’s Constitution and other binding Acts such as ...
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Poverty is a worldwide phenomenon which both developed and developing countries are entangled with. Poverty alleviation is now considered as a goal by governments and international institutions. The emphasis is very much on poverty reduction by Iran’s Constitution and other binding Acts such as socio-economic plans and The Perspective Document. In this paper, an attempt has been made to measure different poverty indices with emphasis on nutrition approach. Head count ratio, poverty gap and Sen index are among the poverty indices measured in this study. Our findings indicate a reduction in absolute poverty along with an increase in relative poverty during the period of the study. It has also been shown that the extent of poverty depends on the concept of poverty accepted by authorities. Considering the facts relating to Iran’s economy as well as resource limitation, the best concept of poverty for policy formulation is the absolute one.
Khosrow Piraee; Mohammad Reza Shahsavar
Volume 9, Issue 34 , October 2009, , Pages 233-264
Abstract
Fars province, with the population almost equal to the 6.5 percent of the total country population and noticeable geographic-wide and remarkable facilities and suitable economic-social capabilities, always has been encounter to defects and shortages. Thus, understanding of poverty status in urban and ...
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Fars province, with the population almost equal to the 6.5 percent of the total country population and noticeable geographic-wide and remarkable facilities and suitable economic-social capabilities, always has been encounter to defects and shortages. Thus, understanding of poverty status in urban and rural areas of the Province can make a suitable predisposition for the short and long run policy makings in order to province development. With regarding to it, the poverty status in rural and urban regions is being considered during the years 1995-2007. For that purpose of presentations of poverty definitions and its kinds and reviews on literatures, absolute poverty line is determined on the basis of fifty percent of median household expenditures, and then the poverty indices like headquant ratio, poverty income gap ratio, severity of poverty, Sen index and Kakwani index are calculated for the urban and rural areas of the province.
The results of poverty indices show that the annual absolute poverty line in urban areas is more than rural areas and poverty indices trend in urban and rural areas show the decreasing poverty trend in these areas during the period of this study.