Saeed Moshiri; Arian Daneshmand; Bahar Niazi
Abstract
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggests that environmental quality improves with income after the economy passes an income threshold. Many studies have examined the EKC but the results are mixed. This study Investigates how international trade has affected the EKC’s position. The study ...
Read More
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) suggests that environmental quality improves with income after the economy passes an income threshold. Many studies have examined the EKC but the results are mixed. This study Investigates how international trade has affected the EKC’s position. The study uses the ecological footprint, as an indicator of environmental degradation, in 149 countries divided into four income groups for the period 1980-2014. From the panel model estimations, the results confirm an inverted U-shape relationship between the ecological footprint and income. Furthermore, they indicate that trade has altered the position of the EKC, in the entire sample. However, the results vary across income groups. Specifically, the EKC has been shifted by trade upwards in upper-income boundaries. The lower-income countries have not reached the income threshold suggested by the EKC and trade impact on the position of the EKC has not been significant. In this case, it can be inferred that trade worsens environmental degradation.
Teymour i Mohammad; Sareh Aghaee Safi Abadi
Volume 15, Issue 56 , April 2015, , Pages 43-74
Abstract
Economists and environmentalists have come to the conclusion that the initial stages of economic development and growth result in worsening of environmental quality while in the later stages, the environmental quality improves. The relationship between income change and environmental quality has been ...
Read More
Economists and environmentalists have come to the conclusion that the initial stages of economic development and growth result in worsening of environmental quality while in the later stages, the environmental quality improves. The relationship between income change and environmental quality has been referred to as the environmental Kuznets curve. In this paper, we have studied the environmental Kuznets curve for two types of pollution (air and water) using Mixed Model for the period 1988-2007 for developing countries. In addition to the variables of interest we include several explanatory variables. The results support the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for both types of pollution .For air pollution, the countries with per capita incomes over 2235 dollars (fixed price of 2005) have passed the return pint of the curve and for water pollution the countries with per capita incomes over 3623 dollars (fixed price of 2005) have placed in the descending part of the environmental Kuznets curve.
