Sahar Pournaghi Keikeleh; Kowsar Yousefi; Mohsen Mehrara
Abstract
The Health Reform Plan was initiated in 2014 aiming to increase health utilization and to reduce the out-of-pocket payment. The plan was criticized for its inflationary effects and also its health induced demand. This study examines the induced demand hypothesis using the health datasets of the ...
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The Health Reform Plan was initiated in 2014 aiming to increase health utilization and to reduce the out-of-pocket payment. The plan was criticized for its inflationary effects and also its health induced demand. This study examines the induced demand hypothesis using the health datasets of the year 2008 (before the reform) and the year 2015 (after the reform). The data is collected every four years by the National Institute of Health Research. As the control group, we consider individuals who have accessed to medical knowledge among their family members and are less exposed to the asymmetric information; thus they can be considered as the control group for whom there is no induced demand. Individuals without medical knowledge are more likely to be exposed to induced demand by physicians, and are considered as the treatment group. We use Difference-in-Difference methodology. The robustness of results are tested using variety of subgroups and controlling for many observation. Results indicate that individuals without medical knowledge has an average of 10% more referrals compared to those who have medical knowledge. Also, their per capita cost has been increased by 54%, which is equivalent to extra 10650 tomans after the reform. Our results confirm that the reform has significantly induced demand.
Salman Farajnia; Kowsar Yousefi; Mehdi Fadaee
Abstract
The natural rate of unemployment is affected by a variety of factors, including sectoral shifts. However, the inclusion of such factors is ignored in most of the researches. We employ standard deviation of sectoral employment as a proxy for sectoral shift, and use it to calculate the natural rate of ...
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The natural rate of unemployment is affected by a variety of factors, including sectoral shifts. However, the inclusion of such factors is ignored in most of the researches. We employ standard deviation of sectoral employment as a proxy for sectoral shift, and use it to calculate the natural rate of unemployment and the impact of unanticipated monetary policies on employment. The data is from the Labor Force Survey, 1384 to 1396. Results indicate that the sectoral standard deviation of employment has no significant effect on the unemployment rate. We interpret it due to the considerable share of permanent unemployment (those without any job in the past five years) in Iran's data with respect to seasonal unemployment. The permanent unemployment is about 40% in Iran while this number is 15% in the United States. Moreover, we find that the standard deviation of “job destruction” is negatively correlated with the unemployment rate. This might be due to less job destruction during the economic boom which causes the standard deviation to fall.
