Seyed Mohammadreza Seyed Nourani; abass shakeri; amir khadem alizadeh; reza vafaee yeganeh
Abstract
Productivity is a behavioral trait that relies on relationship optimization and interaction between internal and external factors. Productivity derives its vitality from the fact that when it increases, total output can increase without increasing the factors involved in production. This study aimed ...
Read More
Productivity is a behavioral trait that relies on relationship optimization and interaction between internal and external factors. Productivity derives its vitality from the fact that when it increases, total output can increase without increasing the factors involved in production. This study aimed to evaluate productivity (efficiency and effectiveness) of select banks in Islamic Republic of Iran’s Interest-Free Banking system. By using a numeric index method, indices of labor productivity, Intermediary inputs productivity, capital productivity and total factor productivity were measured in select commercial banks with and without considering effectiveness factor. Our findings suggest that average growth of labor productivity, capital and intermediate consumption in selected banks in the period under review was descending, the average productivity growth of deposits in banks in the study period was 0.2% and average total factor productivity growth without and with equivalent effectiveness indicators were 1.82 and -4.2% respectively.
mahmod mahmoodzadeh; Saleh Ghavidel; Seyedeh Fatemeh i Chavosh
Abstract
The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of e-commerce on employment and productivity in Iran, with an emphasis on B2C. The methodology of econometrics in this research is panel-data approach, based on provincial seasonal data from 2013 to 2015. Evidence shows that there are 14 million ...
Read More
The aim of this study is to estimate the effect of e-commerce on employment and productivity in Iran, with an emphasis on B2C. The methodology of econometrics in this research is panel-data approach, based on provincial seasonal data from 2013 to 2015. Evidence shows that there are 14 million online shoppers and 17,000 online shops in Iran, and 2.4 percent of GDP and 11 percent of the retail trade is done electronically. Estimate in different ways indicate that e-commerce with an emphasis on B2C, increases economic productivity. The elasticity of productivity with respect to e-commerce, is estimated to be between 0.006 to 0.0108. In other hands, one percentage increase in share of e-commerce would increase GDP per capita in provinces between 0.006 to 0.0108 percent. The impact of e-commerce on employment is negative but statistically insignificant. Due to the positive effects of e-commerce on GDP per capita and its insignificant effect on unemployment rate, we conclude that e-commerce improved the productivity of labor during period under study.
Vahid Mehrbani
Abstract
While the human capital theory introduces higher education as a factor of productivity enhancement of labor force, but, by contrast, the filter theory denies this idea. The former contends that education as a whole phenomenon is an investment in human beings that enhances their productivity. On the other ...
Read More
While the human capital theory introduces higher education as a factor of productivity enhancement of labor force, but, by contrast, the filter theory denies this idea. The former contends that education as a whole phenomenon is an investment in human beings that enhances their productivity. On the other hand, the latter claims that education exclusively in higher levels has no impact on labor productivity because higher education is irrelevant to productive potency. The aim of this paper is to investigate that challenge. Since the industry sector is the most important sector of any economy and its reliance on university graduates is very high, the viewpoint of two opponent theories is tested by using the data on Iranian industries in period 2003-2011. Findings suggest that proportional increase of university graduates leads to higher levels of productivity. This observation is specifically perceived in BA (BS) and MA (MS) levels but not in PhD level.
Mohammad Sayadi; Abbas Shakeri; Teymur Mohammadi; Javid Bahrami
Abstract
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of oil revenue, productivity and money growth rate shocks on macroeconomic variables, in the context of a DSGE model with the consideration of features such as big size of government activities in the economy, inefficiency of government investment, ...
Read More
The main objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of oil revenue, productivity and money growth rate shocks on macroeconomic variables, in the context of a DSGE model with the consideration of features such as big size of government activities in the economy, inefficiency of government investment, the need to invest in development of infrastructures, and existence of “National Development Fund” (NDF) to support private sector investment. The research findings based on RBC model, show that oil revenue shock has increased the consumption, government spending (both current and capital expenditures) and has decreased inflation in short-run; although because the oil shock is transferred to demand side, this situation leads to increase of inflation in medium-term. Our results show that when the oil revenue increases, the resources of NDF and consequently the share of credit granted to private sector will be raised and this can promote private sector production. In addition, because of the structure of Iranian economy, the increase in oil revenue has little effect on growth and development of production in non-oil producing sectors. Furthermore, the research findings show that when the inefficiency of public investments decreases, the investment of oil revenues has more positive effects on private sector production as a crowding-in effect phenomenon. Likewise, each of productivity and monetary shocks in the model has the same results as the theoretical expectations.
Alireza Amini; Ali Akbar Khosravinezhad; Shadi Rouhani
Volume 14, Issue 54 , October 2014, , Pages 175-212
Abstract
The genesis of innovation, the revolution in the conception of knowledge and improvement of related activities have established a new stage of development. This fundamental change in the economy leads to a tremendous change in the nature of activities and competition inside the country as well as other ...
Read More
The genesis of innovation, the revolution in the conception of knowledge and improvement of related activities have established a new stage of development. This fundamental change in the economy leads to a tremendous change in the nature of activities and competition inside the country as well as other countries. In recent years, with the rise of knowledge based economy, innovation has played an important role in the economy. For this reason, developed economies are often so-called “innovation based economies”. This article studies the innovation effect on the growth of total factor productivity using panel data for 16 developing countries for years spanning 1996 to 2007. In this study, variables such as amount of recorded patents in one million populations, research and development expenditure (% gross domestic production) and amount of researchers in one million populations have been used as proxy measures of innovation ??combined student registration rate is a proxy for human capital. The results indicate that the variables have positive and significant effects on total factor production.
Farhad Khodadad Kashi; Haniye Firoozjang
Volume 13, Issue 49 , July 2013, , Pages 49-74
Abstract
Illegal importation of goods (smuggling), is one of the most important barrier of economic growth in Iran. Smuggling is a serious challenge to development of industrial sector and entrepreneurship and a barrier to the expansion of productive capacity of Iranian Economy. Iranian textile industry ...
Read More
Illegal importation of goods (smuggling), is one of the most important barrier of economic growth in Iran. Smuggling is a serious challenge to development of industrial sector and entrepreneurship and a barrier to the expansion of productive capacity of Iranian Economy. Iranian textile industry is adversely affected by smuggling. In addition to smuggling, old and worn machinery, low productivity, lack of access to liquidity and low scale of production are the main problems of the Iranian textile industry. In this paper we attempt to evaluate the effects of smuggling on productivity of Iranian textile industry during the period 1996-2007. To achieve this goal, we first estimate the volume of smuggling and then, by applying the ARDL method, we analyze the effects of smuggling on the productivity of textile industry. Our findings indicate that smuggling has a significant and negative effect on productivity growth of Iranian textile industry.
Nader Dashti; Kazem Yavari; hosein sadeghi soghdel
Volume 11, Issue 40 , April 2011, , Pages 71-95
Abstract
Abstract
Technological evolutions as one of basic resources of productivity growth plays a significant role in economic growth. Therefore, after world war ІІ, the determination of measure and bias of technological change has been subject of many ...
Read More
Abstract
Technological evolutions as one of basic resources of productivity growth plays a significant role in economic growth. Therefore, after world war ІІ, the determination of measure and bias of technological change has been subject of many research efforts.
In this paper we have studied on the trend and bias of technological change in Iran’s industry by econometric approach from 1971 to 2008. We estimated a translog cost function in addition to equations system of cost share, using Seemingly Unrelated Regressions (SUR) approach. The results show that the rate of technological change has been -1.10 percent during the study years. It means that there is a decline in rate of cost of productive units over time. Furthermore, the results indicate that technological change has been biased towards the use of more energy and material, while labor and capital have been saved.
Hassan Eyd Mohammadzadeh; Javad Rezaee; Marjan Faghih Nasiri; Mohammad Reza Tavakoli Baghdad Abad
Volume 10, Issue 36 , April 2010, , Pages 115-135
Abstract
In this paper, we have evaluated the efficieny of selected countries in the field of knowledge economics by using mathematical programming model. Currently, for efficiency evaluation two methods are being used: 1) Parametric method 2) Nonparametric method.
In this paper, we are using the ...
Read More
In this paper, we have evaluated the efficieny of selected countries in the field of knowledge economics by using mathematical programming model. Currently, for efficiency evaluation two methods are being used: 1) Parametric method 2) Nonparametric method.
In this paper, we are using the Nonparametric method that is based on mathematical programming model to categorize Iran and selected countries according to knowledge economics efficiency. The main advantage of data development analysis in comparison with other methods (for efficiency evaluation) is its evaluating units that have several inputs and outputs.
In this paper, according to output and input during 2005, we evaluated the efficiency of knowledge economics according to two assumptions constant return to scale and diminishing return to scale.
The resoult of this research shows that according to the first assumption; Turkey, Bahrain, Jordan, Syria and Kuwait have the most efficiency in comparison with Azarbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Tajikistan and United Arab Emirates. and the efficiency average based on this assumption is 72.9 percent. According to the second assumption; Azarbaijan and Uzbakestan join to the efficient countries and their efficiency average base on this assumption is %75.
Finally, according to the resoults of this research (if we consider Turkey as a pattern), efficient countries must increase their efficiency by following Turkey’s performance.
Ahmad Sabahi; Mohammad Falah
Volume 9, Issue 32 , April 2009, , Pages 205-238
Abstract
Efficiency evaluation, according to the concept of production function in microeconomics has been always in the centre of their attention. This issue for the service supplying firms will be more complicated. The level of efficiency is very crucial for managers and policy makers who lead the human and ...
Read More
Efficiency evaluation, according to the concept of production function in microeconomics has been always in the centre of their attention. This issue for the service supplying firms will be more complicated. The level of efficiency is very crucial for managers and policy makers who lead the human and capital sources.
A study on insurance penetration, insurance accumulation and the share of domestic Net premium on the world Net premium data shows that the insurance industry could not achieve it’s real position in Iran economy. In other side, this industry has been faced to some threatens such as joining Iran to WTO.
Moreover, in recent years the extending private insurance companies cause the necessity of paying attention to the efficiency improvement for the public insurance companies.
Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is one of non-parametric methods for estimating production function. This method by using linear programming, compare homogenous firms in an industry that producing similar outputs with same inputs. Efficient and inefficient firms have recognized by DEA. Today this method has expanded application in this field.
This research measured efficiency of 210 branches of Iran, Albors and Asia insurances companies by DEA method and recognized inefficient branches. Also, some recommendations have been explained for efficiency improvement.
Sadegh Bakhtiari; Behnam Salem
Volume 8, Issue 31 , January 2009, , Pages 15-27
Abstract
This article aims to investigate the impacts of trade liberalization on export and import of industrial commodities through estimating of substitution elasticity of industrial commodities, in terms of two digits codes, in global markets; and also estimating of trade liberalization impact on export and ...
Read More
This article aims to investigate the impacts of trade liberalization on export and import of industrial commodities through estimating of substitution elasticity of industrial commodities, in terms of two digits codes, in global markets; and also estimating of trade liberalization impact on export and import of industrial commodities using dummy variable.
Our estimations show that average tariff dose not effect export; the relationship between per capita capital and export is negative; elasticity of export to liberalization is 1.36 and elasticity of export to real exchnge rete is less than unit. Substitution elasticities all, except code of 37, are less than unit. Codes of 32, 37, 31, 36 and 35 have the highest export, and code of 33 has the least export.
On the side of import, the estimations are as follow: trade liberalization has negative impact on import and results of substitution elasticites are mixed. In codes of 34, 31, 32 and 35 the estimated elasticities are not significant. In codes of 38, 36, 33 and 39 the substitution elasticity is negative and in code of 37 is positive.
In general, the impact of trade liberalization on export is more than import sector. The results show that this policy has positive impact on productivity and at the same time there is a negative relationship between capital accumulation and export; and a positive relationship between capital accumulation and import. This means Iran according to Hecher- Ohlin theory has advantage in labor intensive commodities.
Ali Sayehmiri; Mehdi Taghavi; Korosh Sayehmiri
Volume 8, Issue 31 , January 2009, , Pages 241-256
Abstract
In this paper, we have studied the measurement and comparing productivity among corporate and private sectors in Ilam province. we have used some economic and statistic techniques for analyzing of data by making some indexes such as labor, material ,energy and capital productivity in physical and ...
Read More
In this paper, we have studied the measurement and comparing productivity among corporate and private sectors in Ilam province. we have used some economic and statistic techniques for analyzing of data by making some indexes such as labor, material ,energy and capital productivity in physical and valuing terms of partial and total of output. These have calculated with SPSS software. Also we have calculated P-values and, F for indexes among sectors and companies. We expressed and analyzed from cross-section data to compute indexes.
The results show that there is a big difference between the productivity in economic sectors. It has been expectable consequence because economic sectors have different production functions also productivity among private and corporate has not been more different. So we can conclude that the corporate sector has been paid the same action as private sector, therefore government must pay attention to corporate sector much more than the past.
Alireza Amini; Farzaneh Yazdipoor
Volume 8, Issue 30 , October 2008, , Pages 71-104
Abstract
In this paper, we surveyed the most important quantitative factors that influence energy productivity in Iran’s large manufacturing industries over the 1999-2003. A few models were run by using pooling data technique, covering manufacturing units at two digit level of ISIC classification. The results ...
Read More
In this paper, we surveyed the most important quantitative factors that influence energy productivity in Iran’s large manufacturing industries over the 1999-2003. A few models were run by using pooling data technique, covering manufacturing units at two digit level of ISIC classification. The results obtained indicate that factors such as capital/ energy ratio (K/E), real cost capital, labor/ energy ratio (L/E), real wages and electricity used/ total energy ratio are most influential factors affecting energy productivity, respectively.
Productive engineering labor as percentage of total productive labor which was taken as a proxy for technology has had positive and meaningful effect on energy productivity. In addition, in view of present trend relative energy prices didn’t have meaningful effect on energy productivity.
Abass Salimian; Fazeleh Khadem
Volume 7, Issue 27 , January 2008, , Pages 333-363
Abstract
In this paper, estimating productivity is done through, using both, the index approaches and productivity function. In the first approach, partial productivity of the inputs (labor, capital and materials) are measured as a rating of the output to the appropriate inputs, but in the later one the marginal ...
Read More
In this paper, estimating productivity is done through, using both, the index approaches and productivity function. In the first approach, partial productivity of the inputs (labor, capital and materials) are measured as a rating of the output to the appropriate inputs, but in the later one the marginal productivity are obtained using the estimated factor elasticities. Having the results and in the final step, we try to analyze the effect of the automobile import on the productivity.
The results show that partial factor productivity has a disorder trend like pattern on the period 1973-2000. Also, a comparison between marginal and average productivity, indicates that the corporation is operating at the region, in which marginal product of all inputs are non-negative. It must be noted that there is a negative effect from the import on the productivity of the corporation.
Nader Gholi Ghourchian; Masoud Karbasian
Volume 7, Issue 25 , July 2007, , Pages 47-73
Abstract
The main motive to this research is to introduce an appropriate model best tailored for the national customs management based on the world's customs organizations management system. To come up with the above target, close to all the evolutions in the customs administrations around the world such as Globalization, ...
Read More
The main motive to this research is to introduce an appropriate model best tailored for the national customs management based on the world's customs organizations management system. To come up with the above target, close to all the evolutions in the customs administrations around the world such as Globalization, Upsurge in Competitiveness, Improvements in Information & Telecommunication Technology and its impact on the functionality of the customs administrations is analyzed whilst by taking on a comparative study of the customs management systems in a host of customs administrations the main and effectual factors to the customs management system is extrapolated. The Customs Management Excellence Cycle Model (CMECM) is driven based on the researcher's scientific literature, his past research experiences, the Customs Excellence Cycle, and ultimately the Questionnaires designed and shared with both national and overseas elites. The CMECM developed per se for Customs Management in 21'th century has its main pillars over 8 criterion and 53 indicators. The model and its proposed factors were evaluated by the elites and with the aid of the "Descriptive-Surveillance" method in the field and resolutely endorsed consensually. - Having in disposal the Customs Management Excellence Cycle Model (CMECM) we would be able to benchmark the Customs functional offices both domestically and internationally and specify the rankings and nominate the superior offices in a row. - In general, Customs Management Excellence Cycle (CMECM) can be used for alleviating and ultimately uprooting the points of susceptibility within domestic Customs offices. - Customs Management Excellence Cycle (CMECM) can be used in order to assess the function of each customs office in a different time span.
