Samaneh Ebrahim Pour; Zahra Mila elmi
Volume 13, Issue 49 , July 2013, , Pages 101-116
Abstract
The task of determining the factors affecting poverty is the first step in combating it and making an appropriate program to alleviate it. In this study, effective factors are identified by using micro-data from Household Income-Expenditure Survey of Urban Households in 2009 and applying an econometric ...
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The task of determining the factors affecting poverty is the first step in combating it and making an appropriate program to alleviate it. In this study, effective factors are identified by using micro-data from Household Income-Expenditure Survey of Urban Households in 2009 and applying an econometric model. In this article, panel data models with limited dependent variable is used. It is the choice of limited dependent variable that makes this study different from other papers that have studied the problem of poverty in Iran. So, after clustering data and calculating poverty line, a panel data with logit model, which is based on socio-economic characteristics, is estimated with maximum likelihood approach. The results show that among factors affecting poverty, the ratios of number of literate members and working members to the household dimention have the most significant effect on decreasing the probability of facing poverty. On the other hand, household size has the most significant effect on increasing the probability of facing poverty. Moreover Gender of the household head has a significant effect on the probability of facing poverty. Coefficient of this variable shows that the probability of facing poverty is reduced if the household head is male compared with the situation that the head of household is female.
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Volume 2, Issue 6 , October 2002, , Pages 101-124
Farzad Karimi; Mohssen Irvani
Volume 7, Issue 25 , July 2007, , Pages 101-126
Abstract
In recent decade one of the most important phenomenon is globalization through convergence of global market. This phenomenon, like every other new phenomenon, primarily expanded in industrial world and gradually extended to other countries. Because of having exclusive advantages and disadvantages, it ...
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In recent decade one of the most important phenomenon is globalization through convergence of global market. This phenomenon, like every other new phenomenon, primarily expanded in industrial world and gradually extended to other countries. Because of having exclusive advantages and disadvantages, it may provide specific threats and opportunities for countries of the world. While in the past, Iran, didn't strive seriously about this topic, but, today because of existing opportunities and convergence with global economy, requires planning and serious stimulation in this field. This article is organized for answering this need and it attempts with exploration of effective factors on internal competitiveness of manufacturing industries in Isfahan during 1997-2002 to provide appropriate policy recommendations to reinforce the competitiveness of industries in Isfahan and the whole country. As the whole, findings of this study shows that using the skillful workers, product efficiency, productivity, transportation costs, investment in machineries and participation in private sectors, have significant effect on competitiveness of industries.
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Volume 5, Issue 16 , April 2005, , Pages 101-131
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Volume 1, Issue 3 , January 2002, , Pages 103-116
Mahmood Khataie; Somayeh Shahhosseini; Seyyed Hamed Molana
Volume 7, Issue 26 , October 2007, , Pages 103-130
Abstract
The Purpose this paper, is to investigate the effect of oil revenues on real exchange rate in Iran’s Economy by using a macroeconomic model, which has been estimated by 3sls regression technique and annual data during 1965 to 2003 .Provided that the government has taken no policies, the simulation ...
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The Purpose this paper, is to investigate the effect of oil revenues on real exchange rate in Iran’s Economy by using a macroeconomic model, which has been estimated by 3sls regression technique and annual data during 1965 to 2003 .Provided that the government has taken no policies, the simulation results depict that, a rise in oil revenues will increase GDP, domestic price levels, money supply and real import, respectively, but will decrease Non-oil export. By regarding simulation results, we could say that nominal exchange rate will primarily decrease by oil revenues increase both in short run and long run. Afterwards, it will take an increasing trend and eventually, will go back to the initial equilibrium level. We will also observe real exchange rate decrease (increase) via the nominal exchange rate decrease (increase) in short run. However, in the long run, the real exchange rate will decrease by oil revenues boom and before the oil revenues increase will reach a lower level relative to its initial one.
Seyyed Ahmad Mir Motahari
Volume 7, Issue 24 , April 2007, , Pages 103-116
Abstract
In this paper we address the issue of whether financial structure influences economic growth. Three competing views of financial structure exist in the literature: the bank base, the market base and the financial services view. Recent empirical studies examine their relevance by utilizing panel and cross- ...
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In this paper we address the issue of whether financial structure influences economic growth. Three competing views of financial structure exist in the literature: the bank base, the market base and the financial services view. Recent empirical studies examine their relevance by utilizing panel and cross- section approaches. This paper utilizes time series data of Iran .We find significant effects of financial structure on real per capita output, which is in contrast to some of the recent findings.
Saeid Isazadeh; Saeide Sadat Hosseini
Volume 14, Issue 55 , January 2015, , Pages 105-136
Abstract
In recent years China has been appeared as one of the main trading partners of Iran. This study analyzes the effects of trade with China on industrial employment of Iranian economy through panal data methodology and using data of Iranian industrial sector on the basis of 2-digit ISIC of the 1996 to 2011.Results ...
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In recent years China has been appeared as one of the main trading partners of Iran. This study analyzes the effects of trade with China on industrial employment of Iranian economy through panal data methodology and using data of Iranian industrial sector on the basis of 2-digit ISIC of the 1996 to 2011.Results for 22 subsectors show that importing from China reduces total employment level and exporting to china creates job opportunities.Estimates also show import penetration coefficient leads to a reduction in employment of male workers and export penetration coefficient has positive and significant effect on male and female employment levels. Results for 19 subsectors indicate that increasing in import penetration destroys manufacturing employment and the effect of exports becomes insignificantly positive .
Mahmoud Eisavi; Vahhab Ghelich
Volume 15, Issue 56 , April 2015, , Pages 105-134
Abstract
Having looked at the economic history of Iran indicates that the budget deficit and it's financing has proved to be one of the important problems of governments. Acknowledging the securities requirements with purpose of Effectiveness in financing budget deficit through the IS-LM model constitutes the ...
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Having looked at the economic history of Iran indicates that the budget deficit and it's financing has proved to be one of the important problems of governments. Acknowledging the securities requirements with purpose of Effectiveness in financing budget deficit through the IS-LM model constitutes the first part of this research. Findings of the first part denote that stability of budget deficit has recorded a condition which output has been increased. "Can sukuk contribute to this stable condition?" is the second question of the paper. Financial deepening, diminishing of symmetric information and little capital aggregation are characteristics of sukuk which give positive answer to this question. This paper proposes applying sukuk for budget deficit financing in two models: Ijarah sukuk and Istisna sukuk. The results denote that these securities can decrease the government's budget deficit.
Masoud Nonejad
Volume 8, Issue 30 , October 2008, , Pages 105-124
Abstract
Comparative advantage indicates the power of a country in producing a commodity or service by lower cost in comparing to the other countries. This concept is one of the applications in international economics. Metallic and nonmetallic minerals industry is one of the important and considerable industries ...
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Comparative advantage indicates the power of a country in producing a commodity or service by lower cost in comparing to the other countries. This concept is one of the applications in international economics. Metallic and nonmetallic minerals industry is one of the important and considerable industries in our country which has high potential for export. In this study, comparative advantage of this industry was investigated in Iran using three indices include revealed comparative advantage, location quotient with respect to value added and location quotient with respect to employment. Time series data during 1963 to 1999 were used. Also, Mobarakeh Company as the most important unit in this industry, was investigated by domestic resource cost index. Results indicate that in four years of fifth period of development program from 1991 to 1994 metallic and nonmetallic minerals industry has comparative advantage. This advantage is more pertain to metallic minerals sector. In the fifth period, the average of
revealed comparative advantage index is equal to 1.37, meanwhile indices of quotient location with respect to value added an employment were in the least their amount. The result of domestic resource cost index for Mobarakeh Steel Company showed that the corporate has gained 434 Rls for each kilogram of steel. Also, the results of investigating factors affecting the revealed comparative advantages index indicated that, export with the elasticity of 0.68 has the high effect on the growth of this index.
tayebe chaman; parisa mohajeri; Ali Arabmazar Yazdi
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to identify factors affecting tax evasion with emphasis on financial development. For this purpose, we estimate an ARDL model for the period 1978 to 2014. Our results show that, at first, there is a long-run relationship between tax evasion and explanatory variables (financial ...
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The purpose of this paper is to identify factors affecting tax evasion with emphasis on financial development. For this purpose, we estimate an ARDL model for the period 1978 to 2014. Our results show that, at first, there is a long-run relationship between tax evasion and explanatory variables (financial development, literacy rate, government size and industry value added (%GDP). Secondly, financial development has a significant negative effect (in short-run and long-run) on tax evasion. In other words, higher financial development leads to lower tax evasion. This finding is consistent with the theoretical expectation. Thirdly, literacy rate, government size and industry value added (%GDP) have a significant negative effect on tax evasion. That means tax evasion is decreases by increasing each of them. Also, the variables of GDP per capita and tax complexity did not have a significant effect on tax evasion.
Maryam Hemmaty; Mehdi Pedram; Hossein Tavakolian
Abstract
Empirical studies done in the area of price stickiness imply that the frequency of price change is high in Iran. In other words, prices change quickly after a monetary shock hits the economy. On the other hand, based on empirical studies, monetary shocks have a lagged effect on inflation in Iran. This ...
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Empirical studies done in the area of price stickiness imply that the frequency of price change is high in Iran. In other words, prices change quickly after a monetary shock hits the economy. On the other hand, based on empirical studies, monetary shocks have a lagged effect on inflation in Iran. This paradox can be explained by the existence of information stickiness in Iranian economy. Over the past two decades, many studies on the importance of the information stickiness and its role on the formation of expectations have emerged. Recent work on rational expectations models with informational frictions such as Mankiw and Reis (2002) have emphasized how informational rigidities can lead to policy prescriptions that differ from those under models with full-information. So, examining the existence of sticky information and understanding the degree of this kind of rigidity is very important. No empirical study has been done yet to estimate the degree of information rigidity in Iranian economy. In order to fill this gap in the literature, following the approach proposed by Khan and Zhu (2006) and Coibion (2010), We estimate the key structural parameter of sticky information Philips curve (SIPC) – i.e. the degree of information stickiness- for Iran. Based on the results, the null hypothesis of “no information stickiness” is rejected and this can be inferred as confirmation of sticky information in price-setting behavior of firms in Iran. Our estimates show that price-setting firms in the economy update their price-relevant information on average every 2 quarters.
sajjad Barkhordari; Maede Abdi; Sedige Solgi
Abstract
After world recession in 2008, many papers focused on non-linear relationship between debt and growth. Based on traditional theories, a medium level of increase in debt can improve welfare and economic growth, but a high level of it damages the economy. According to recent studies, the non-linear relationship ...
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After world recession in 2008, many papers focused on non-linear relationship between debt and growth. Based on traditional theories, a medium level of increase in debt can improve welfare and economic growth, but a high level of it damages the economy. According to recent studies, the non-linear relationship between public debt and growth is conceivable for other debt items such as household debt and firm debt. In this paper, we test the non-linear relationship between household debt and the growth of per capita income in 31 Iranian provinces during period 2005-2015. In addition, we analyses the different threshold points in Iranian provinces related to above-mentioned non-linear relationship. Based on our findings, we accept the hypothesis of reverse-U relationship between debt and growth in addition to the effect of income inequality on heterogeneity of this relationship in Iranian provinces. The results indicate that provinces with high income inequality have high threshold point than regions with low income inequality, but in the latter ones the sensitivity of economic growth to change of debt is higher.
Alireza Shakibaei; Zahra Kamal-e-Dini; Fatemeh Taleghani; Mohammadreza Ahmadi-Nejad
Volume 15, Issue 57 , July 2015, , Pages 109-140
Abstract
Regional inequalities have always been one of the concerns of the government planners and they have attempted to recognize these inequalities and devise particular policies to curb them. The motivation to work on this domain has led to the development of different indices and techniques to measure regional ...
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Regional inequalities have always been one of the concerns of the government planners and they have attempted to recognize these inequalities and devise particular policies to curb them. The motivation to work on this domain has led to the development of different indices and techniques to measure regional inequalities. β-convergence examination is one of the aforementioned methods of measuring income distribution. An important point is that, urbanization trend cannot be examined apart from economic variables either in Iran or in other countries of the world and economic variables such as households’ income are expected to be affected by the degree of urbanization. Consistent with this reasoning, we can say that urbanization is one of the effective factors on income distribution; therefore, the present paper is focused on the examination of urbanization effects upon convergence rate of income distribution between urban and rural areas in 25 selected provinces of Iran during the time period of 2001-2011 using general spatial econometric model and ordinary least squares (OSL) method. The findings indicated the existence of income distribution convergence among the examined provinces during the above-mentioned period. Moreover, during this period and following the increasing degree of urbanization, the conditional convergence rate for decreasing the gap between current income of urban and rural and its steady state equilibrium is increased as compared with the absolute convergence rate.
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Volume 4, Issue 15 , January 2005, , Pages 109-132
Mir Hossein Mousavi; Masoomeh Nematpoor; Hosseyn Zarin Eghbali
Volume 8, Issue 29 , July 2008, , Pages 109-129
Abstract
This paper deals with optimum commodity taxation in Bocker’s (1965) model of the allocation of time. While the existing public finance literature emphasizes the role of cross elasticity’s with leisure, we find that the optimal tax system crucially depends on factor shares and elasticity’s ...
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This paper deals with optimum commodity taxation in Bocker’s (1965) model of the allocation of time. While the existing public finance literature emphasizes the role of cross elasticity’s with leisure, we find that the optimal tax system crucially depends on factor shares and elasticity’s of substitution in household production.
In the special case of Leontieff technology, the optimum tax rule depends solely on factor shares and, furthermore, this simple rule maintains the first best allocation. The Becker approach implies, for example, that the social optimum involves a preferential tax treatment of consumer services and possibly even exclusion from the tax base.
Ehsan Zanganeh; Gholamreza Zamanian; Mohammad Nabi Shahiki Tash; Ali Cheshomi
Abstract
In Iran's economy, most of the financial resources needed by economic enterprises are provided through the granting of facilities by the banking network. Therefore, studying the factors affecting banking facilities in the private sector in Iran's economy is of particular importance. In this article, ...
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In Iran's economy, most of the financial resources needed by economic enterprises are provided through the granting of facilities by the banking network. Therefore, studying the factors affecting banking facilities in the private sector in Iran's economy is of particular importance. In this article, we investigate the factors affecting the facilities granted by banks using quarterly data from the Iranian economy from 1379 to 1399 with the nonlinear Markov switching approach. A non-linear approach was used because bank facilities show different effects of economic factors during periods of credit and commercial boom and bust. The results of the research show that the economic growth rate, the interest rate of facilities and the growth rate of bank deposits have a positive relationship with the growth of real facilities and the interest rate of bank deposits has a negative effect on it, but the degree of influence of each of the economic factors on the growth rate of real facilities is different in every cycle. This asymmetric impact of macroeconomic factors during different cyclical periods is important in policymaking and should be taken into consideration when making monetary policy.
Reyhaneh Gaskari; Hassanali Ghanbari; Alireza Eghbali
Volume 6, Issue 23 , January 2007, , Pages 113-131
Abstract
In this paper, budget deficit, trade balance deficit, inflation rate, fluctuations of exchange rate and terms of trade variables are determined as a base of macroeconomic instability, using moving average method with five-year stable trends estimated for all the considered variables. Macroeconomic ...
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In this paper, budget deficit, trade balance deficit, inflation rate, fluctuations of exchange rate and terms of trade variables are determined as a base of macroeconomic instability, using moving average method with five-year stable trends estimated for all the considered variables. Macroeconomic instability is defined as deviation from stable trends, and finally, we will study the effects of instability variables on private sector investment in Iran.
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Volume 5, Issue 18 , October 2005, , Pages 113-137
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Volume 5, Issue 17 , July 2005, , Pages 113-129
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Volume 5, Issue 19 , January 2006, , Pages 115-146
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Volume 3, Issue 8 , April 2003, , Pages 117-138
Ali Arabmazar Yazdi; Leila Khodkari
Volume 7, Issue 27 , January 2008, , Pages 119-142
Abstract
Laundering money is a way to use legally dirty money obtained from illegal actions, so this will threat the nature of economic activities.
In this paper, in addition to surveying of studies related to underground economy, will be calculated the capacity of dirty money provided in the illegal economy ...
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Laundering money is a way to use legally dirty money obtained from illegal actions, so this will threat the nature of economic activities.
In this paper, in addition to surveying of studies related to underground economy, will be calculated the capacity of dirty money provided in the illegal economy in Iran during 1352-80 by selecting one of the models in these studies and using it in the money demand function.
This estimation shows that the capacity of dirty money has been increased recently and there is a significant relationship between growth of money demand and extension of underground economy.
These results should be paide especial attention by policymakers to reduce the underground economy and to create some obstacles to not enter dirty money to economy.
ali eskandaripour; davoud mahmoudinia; azadeh yousefi
Abstract
The global financial crisis has increased the attention of scholars to stabilization and sustainability of government's fiscal policies in recent years. The crisis also reminded governments that they should have a special look at their debt sustainability so that they can repay their debts in different ...
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The global financial crisis has increased the attention of scholars to stabilization and sustainability of government's fiscal policies in recent years. The crisis also reminded governments that they should have a special look at their debt sustainability so that they can repay their debts in different scenarios, including economic recession, at a minimum, in order not to enter a Ponzi game. In recent years, the level of debt in many developed and developing countries have been increasing, and Iran was not an exception to this phenomenon. Given that Iran is an oil-exporting country and its budget is heavily dependent on oil revenues, the lack of an optimal route could have significant effects, including that it could lead to revenues from the sale of oil to repay debt, as well as imposing heavy debt burden on future generations. Hence, in this study, we try to extract the equilibrium debt path in Iranian economy in a framework of an endogenous growth model and compare it with the actual debt path in Iran. The results of simulating equilibrium equations show that the equilibrium path of debt in Iranian economy is lower than its actual path. Therefore, as a policy recommendation, fiscal authorities of the country should pay particular attention to budget deficit and debt and, through a proper taxation system and the correct utilization of oil revenues, can make the actual debt path close to its optimum level to prevent excessive government borrowing from banking system and the negative consequences it poses.
Ali Asghar Salem; Leyla Jabari; Zahra Bayat
Abstract
The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of transportation infrastructure on the energy efficiency of the industry in the provinces of Iran. The rapid growth of industries in the world during the last few years has led to an increase in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Energy ...
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The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of transportation infrastructure on the energy efficiency of the industry in the provinces of Iran. The rapid growth of industries in the world during the last few years has led to an increase in energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. Energy efficiency contribute to economic growth, energy security, reduction of greenhouse gases, and energy sustainability. One of the factors affecting energy efficiency is transportation infrastructure, which, as the main capital of social development, can affect energy efficiency through various mechanisms. These infrastructures can have different effects on energy efficiency from the channels of the economy of scale, the effect of technology spillover and other external factors, and the effect of competition between production enterprises. We apply a panel threshold model to approximate the threshold effect of transportation infrastructure on industrial energy efficiency using data of 31 provinces of Iran from 2006 to 2019. The results showed that the transportation infrastructures have a non-linear effect on energy efficiency so that when the logarithm of real GDP is higher than the second threshold (15/66), transportation infrastructures significantly improve energy efficiency, and when the logarithm of GDP is lower than the first threshold (14/64), the expansion of this type of infrastructure reduces the energy efficiency of the industry, and between the two thresholds of transportation infrastructure, it does not affect the energy efficiency of the industry. In addition, technological progress and energy prices also have a positive and, significant effect on industrial energy efficiency.
